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. 2024 Jun 26;13(13):2019.
doi: 10.3390/foods13132019.

Study of Factors Influencing the Oral Bioaccessibility of Commonly Used and Detected Pesticides in Bananas and Mangoes Based on in vitro Methods

Chen Ma  1   2   3 , Qun Zhang  1   2   3 , Dai-Zhu Lv  1   2   3 , Jia Song  1   2   3 , Qiong Fan  1   2   3 , Hai Tian  1   2   4 , Ming-Yue Wang  1
Affiliations

Study of Factors Influencing the Oral Bioaccessibility of Commonly Used and Detected Pesticides in Bananas and Mangoes Based on in vitro Methods

Chen Ma et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Estimating the impact of pesticide residue bioaccessibility in fruits on dietary exposure is a complex task in human health risk assessment. This research investigated the bioaccessibility of ten commonly used and detected pesticides in bananas and mangoes, as well as the factors influencing it, using an in vitro model. The highest bioaccessibility was observed at pH levels of 2.5 and 6.5 in the gastric and intestinal stages, respectively. Bioaccessibility decreased significantly with increasing solid/liquid ratios for most pesticides. The consumption of protein and four dietary components (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and dietary fiber) could significantly reduce pesticide bioaccessibility by 9.89-48.32% (p < 0.05). Bioaccessibility in oral and gastric stages among four populations followed the order of adults/the elderly > children > infants, due to decreasing concentrations of α-amylase and pepsin. Pesticides in bananas generally exhibited a higher bioaccessibility (18.65-82.97%) compared to that in mangoes (11.68-87.57%). Bioaccessibility showed a negative correlation with the Log P values of the target pesticide, while no clear relationship was found between bioaccessibility and initial pesticide concentrations. Incorporating bioaccessible pesticide concentrations into risk assessments could lower dietary risk estimates by 11.85-79.57%. Assessing human exposure to pesticides based on bioaccessibility would greatly improve the accuracy of the risk assessment.

Keywords: bioaccessibility; in vitro methods; influencing factors; pesticides; tropical fruits.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of pH on the bioaccessibility of test pesticides in the gastric (a) and intestinal phases (b).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of digestion time on the bioaccessibility of test pesticides in the gastric (a) and intestinal phases (b).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of the S/L ratio on the bioaccessibility of test pesticides in the gastric (a) and intestinal phases (b).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and dietary fiber on the bioaccessibility of tested pesticides, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, tebuconazole and imazalil (a) thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin and carbendazim (b). Stars at the top of columns represent significant differences in bioaccessibility between controls (CK) and tests with the addition of dietary components at a p-value of 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of simulated digestion fluids in four populations (infants, 0–12 months, children, 13–36 months, adults, and the elderly) on the bioaccessibility of tested pesticides in the oral (a,b) and gastric (c,d) phases. CK is the control without digestive enzymes. Bars with different lowercase letters are significantly different at a p-value of 0.05.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of food matrix (banana and mango) on the bioaccessibility of tested pesticides in the oral (a), gastric (b) and intestinal (c) phase. Stars at the top of columns represent significant differences in bioaccessibility between banana and mango at a p-value of 0.05. Bars with different lowercase letters are significantly different in terms of the same pesticide among oral, gastric, and intestinal phases at a p-value of 0.05.
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