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. 2024 Jun 27;13(13):3756.
doi: 10.3390/jcm13133756.

Oral and Intestinal Bacterial Flora in Patients with Increased Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kentaro Taniguchi  1 , Norio Aoyama  1   2 , Toshiya Fujii  1 , Sayuri Kida  1 , Tomomi Yata  1 , Aya K Takeda  3 , Masato Minabe  4   5 , Motohiro Komaki  1
Affiliations

Oral and Intestinal Bacterial Flora in Patients with Increased Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kentaro Taniguchi et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is caused by bacterial plaque. The oral microflora may interact with the intestinal microflora and play a role in the development of periodontitis. The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) has been shown to be a useful indicator of periodontal disease related to systemic diseases; however, few studies have shown an association between PISA and the bacterial flora. This study aimed to determine the association between PISA and oral and intestinal bacteria. Methods: Participants were recruited between 2018 and 2021 at the Medical and Dental Collaboration Center of Kanagawa Dental University Hospital. A periodontal clinical examination was performed, and the PISA was calculated. Salivary tests were conducted, and leukocyte scores in the saliva were calculated. Moreover, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed using saliva and stool samples to analyze oral and intestinal bacteria, respectively. Results: Higher PISA levels resulted in an increased presence of Bacteroides and a decreased presence of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the saliva. An increase in Bacteroides was detected in the saliva of patients with high leukocyte scores. No correlation was observed between PISA and intestinal bacteria. Conclusions: Bacteroides was highly abundant in the saliva of patients with worsened periodontal conditions, as indicated by PISA. No association was found between PISA and intestinal bacteria.

Keywords: 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis; PISA; microflora.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author Aya K. Takeda was employed by the company Cykinso, Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proportion of bacteria and differences in the proportion of bacteria between men and women. Percentage of bacteria present in oral (A) and intestinal samples (B), and the proportions of Bacteroides (C), Proteobacteria (D), Firmicutes (E), and Actinobacteria (F) are shown.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relation between age and each phylum in oral samples. (A) Relation between age and Bacteroides. p = 0.3357. (B) Relation between age and Proteobacteria. p = 0.6575. (C) Relation between age and Firmicutes. p = 0.7419. (D) Relation between age and Actinobacteria. p = 0.1755.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relation between PISA and each phylum in oral samples and intestinal samples. (A) Relation between PISA and Bacteroides in oral samples. p < 0.0001, ρ = 0.3223. (B) Relation between PISA and Proteobacteria in oral samples. p = 0.0054, ρ = −0.2093. (C) Relation between PISA and Firmicutes in oral samples. p = 0.5667. (D) Relation between PISA and Actinobacteria in oral samples. p = 0.0027, ρ = −0.2254. (E) Relation between PISA and Bacteroides in intestinal samples. p = 0.1971. (F) Relation between PISA and Proteobacteria in intestinal samples. p = 0.4018. (G) Relation between PISA and Firmicutes in intestinal samples. p = 0.8628. (H) Relation between PISA and Actinobacteria in intestinal samples. p = 0.1971.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relation between leukocyte score of salivary tests and each phylum in oral samples. (A) Relation between leukocytes and Bacteroides. p = 0.0025, ρ = 0.2266. (B) Relation between leukocytes and Proteobacteria. p = 0.7436. (C) Relation between leukocytes and Firmicutes. p = 0.0318, ρ = −0.1619. (D) Relation between leukocytes and Actinobacteria. p = 0.0255, ρ = −0.1684.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relation between number of teeth and each phylum in oral samples. (A) Relation between number of teeth and Bacteroides. p = 0.8931. (B) Relation between number of teeth and Proteobacteria. p = 0.1776. (C) Relation between number of teeth and Firmicutes. p = 0.2029. (D) Relation between number of teeth and Actinobacteria. p = 0.3773.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Relation between proportion of same phylum in oral and intestinal samples. (A) Bacteroides. p = 0.7348. (B) Proteobacteria. p = 0.9514. (C) Firmicutes. p = 0.8664. (D) Actinobacteria. p = 0.8720.
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