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. 2024 Jun 27;13(13):1774.
doi: 10.3390/plants13131774.

Effect of Origin, Seed Coat Color, and Maturity Group on Seed Isoflavones in Diverse Soybean Germplasm

Muhammad Azam  1   2 , Shengrui Zhang  2 , Jie Qi  2 , Ahmed M Abdelghany  3 , Abdulwahab Saliu Shaibu  2   3 , Yue Feng  2 , Suprio Ghosh  2 , Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim-Boateng  2 , Yitian Liu  2 , Luming Yao  1 , Jing Li  2 , Bin Li  2 , Biao Wang  1 , Junming Sun  2
Affiliations

Effect of Origin, Seed Coat Color, and Maturity Group on Seed Isoflavones in Diverse Soybean Germplasm

Muhammad Azam et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Soybeans are grown worldwide owing to their protein, oil, and beneficial bioactive compounds. Genetic and environmental factors influence soybean seed isoflavones. In the present study, we profiled the seed isoflavones in world diverse soybean germplasm grown in two locations over two years in China. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between the accessions, accession origins, seed coat colors, and maturity groups for individual and total isoflavone (TIF) content. TIF content of the soybean accessions ranged from 677.25 μg g-1 to 5823.29 μg g-1, representing an 8-fold difference. USA soybean accessions showed the highest mean TIF content (3263.07 μg g-1), followed by Japan (2521.26 μg g-1). Soybean with black seed coat showed the highest (3236.08 μg g-1) TIF concentration. Furthermore, isoflavone levels were significantly higher in late-maturity groups. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between individual and TIF content. Malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin showed higher correlations with TIF content (r = 0.92 and r = 0.94, respectively). The soybean accessions identified as having high and stable TIF content can be utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries and breeding programs to develop soybean varieties with enhanced isoflavone content.

Keywords: correlation; country of origin; isoflavones; maturity group; seed coat color; soybean.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The levels of individual and total isoflavones in soybean accessions from different origins. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using a least significant difference (LSD) test. Lowercase letters (a, b, and c) denote statistically significant differences at the p < 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The levels of individual and total isoflavones in soybean accessions of different seed coat colors. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using a least significant difference (LSD) test. Lowercase letters (a, b, and c) denote statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The levels of individual and total isoflavones in soybean accessions of different maturity groups [MGs]. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using a least significant difference (LSD) test. Lowercase letters (a, b, c, d, and e) denote statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Correlation among individual and total isoflavone (TIF) content with significance levels at ** <0.01, and *** <0.001.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) Heatmap of individual and total isoflavones based on the origin (China, Japan, Russia, and the USA) and seed coat colors (black, brown, green, and yellow). Isoflavones correspond to the coat color and origin represented by the scale bar; the blue color on the scale bar indicates lower levels of the isoflavones and vice versa. (B) A scatter plot representing the correlation between the means of TIF content and the 593 soybean accessions’ coefficients of variation (CVs). The horizontal blue line shows the CV, and the mean of the TIF content is indicated by the vertical blue dashed line.
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