Biofungicides Based on Plant Extracts: On the Road to Organic Farming

Abstract

Phytopathogenic fungi are responsible for diseases in commercially important crops and cause major supply problems in the global food chain. Plants were able to protect themselves from disease before humans played an active role in protecting plants. They are known to synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites (SMs), such as terpenes, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, which can be extracted using conventional and unconventional techniques to formulate biofungicides; plant extracts have antifungal activity and various mechanisms of action against these organisms. In addition, they are considered non-phytotoxic and potentially effective in disease control. They are a sustainable and economically viable alternative for use in agriculture, which is why biofungicides are increasingly recognized as an attractive option to solve the problems caused by synthetic fungicides. Currently, organic farming continues to grow, highlighting the importance of developing environmentally friendly alternatives for crop production. This review provides a compilation of the literature on biosynthesis, mechanisms of action of secondary metabolites against phytopathogens, extraction techniques and formulation of biofungicides, biological activity of plant extracts on phytopathogenic fungi, regulation, advantages, disadvantages and an overview of the current use of biofungicides in agriculture.

Keywords: agricultural sustainability; agroecology; phytopathogenic fungi; phytosanitary products; secondary metabolites.

Figure 1

Metabolic pathways by which secondary metabolites are synthesized in plants.

Figure 2

Mechanisms of action of plant-based biofungicides against phytopathogenic fungi.

Figure 3

Extracted bioactive compounds by different solvents.

Figure 4

Classification according to the effect of the plant extract on phytopathogenic fungi.