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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Mar 1;83(3):e852-e865.
doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae094.

Skeletal Muscle Index-Based Cachexia Index as a Predictor of Prognosis in Patients With Cancer: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Xintian Xu  1 , Mengxing Tian  2 , Chen Chen Ding  2 , Huiting Xu  3 , Huifen Wang  4 , Xin Jin  2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Skeletal Muscle Index-Based Cachexia Index as a Predictor of Prognosis in Patients With Cancer: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Xintian Xu et al. Nutr Rev. .

Abstract

Context: Cachexia is associated with poor survival rates. In the clinical setting, the diagnosis of cancer cachexia is challenging. The cachexia index (CXI), a new index for predicting survival time, is a promising tool for diagnosing cancer cachexia; however, its efficacy in predicting patient survival has not been validated.

Objective: This meta-analysis and systematic review aimed to explore the CXI's prognostic value in patients with cancer.

Data sources: The PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant studies to determine the association between CXI findings and prognosis.

Data extraction: The outcomes were overall survival (OS), progression-, disease-, and recurrence-free survival (PFS/DFS/RFS) rates, and the rate of complete response.

Data analysis: The QUality In Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included trials. This meta-analysis comprised 14 studies involving 2777 patients. A low CXI was associated with decreased OS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01-2.72; P < .001), PFS/DFS/RFS (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.68-2.22; P < .001), and complete response (odds ratio [OR] 0.49, 95% CI 0.36-0.66; P < .001). Patients with a low CXI had a lower body mass index (mean difference [MD] -0.75, 95% CI -1.00 to 0.50; P < .001), skeletal muscle index (standardized MD -0.80, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.61; P < .001), and serum albumin level (MD -0.23, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.20; P < .001); and a higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (MD 1.88, 95% CI 1.29-2.47; P < .001) and more advanced disease stages (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71-0.91; P = .001).

Conclusion: A low CXI was found to be associated with poor survival in patients with cancer. While the CXI is a promising marker for predicting cancer cachexia, further studies are required to verify its usefulness.

Keywords: cancer cachexia; cancer cachexia index; meta-analysis; neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; skeletal muscle index; survival.

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