Identification and Suppression of Point Defects in Bromide Perovskite Single Crystals Enabling Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy

Abstract

Methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr₃) stands out as the most easily grown wide-band-gap metal halide perovskite. It is a promising semiconductor for room-temperature gamma-ray (γ-ray) spectroscopic detectors, but no operational devices are realized. This can be largely attributed to a lack of understanding of point defects and their influence on detector performance. Here, through a combination of crystal growth design and defect characterization, including positron annihilation and impedance spectroscopy, the presence of specific point defects are identified and correlated to detector performance. Methylammonium (MA) vacancies, MA interstitials, and Pb vacancies are identified as the dominant charge-trapping defects in MAPbBr₃ crystals, while Br vacancies caused doping. The addition of excess MABr reduces the MA and Br defects and so enables the detection of energy-resolved γ-ray spectra using a MAPbBr₃ single-crystal device. Interestingly, the addition of formamidinium (FA) cations, which converted to methylformamidinium (MFA) cations by reaction with MA⁺ during crystal growth further reduced MA defects. This enabled an energy resolution of 3.9% for the 662 keV ¹³⁷Cs line using a low bias of 100 V. The work provides direction toward enabling further improvements in wide-bandgap perovskite-based device performance by reducing detrimental defects.

Keywords: defects; gamma‐ray detector; perovskite single crystal.