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. 2024 Jun 27:15:1409770.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1409770. eCollection 2024.

Phase separation: a new window in RALF signaling

Zilin Zhang  1 , Huiming Deng  1 , Songping Hu  1 , Huibin Han  1
Affiliations

Phase separation: a new window in RALF signaling

Zilin Zhang et al. Front Plant Sci. .
No abstract available

Keywords: FER; GRP7; LLG1; LRX; RALF peptide; pectin; phase separation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Liquid–liquid phase separation mediates RALF-FERONIA signaling in plant development and stress responses. (A) A simple schematic diagram illustrating the process of proteins undergoing liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). Proteins containing intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) first gather together, and then, they undergo LLPS to form liquid droplet structure. (B) Upon sensing developmental or stress cues, the levels of apoplastic demethylesterified pectic fragments and RALF1 are increased. Subsequently, RALF1 and pectin undergo LLPS to generate RALF1-pectin condensates. RALF1-pectin condensates incorporate FER and LLG1 receptors; the RALF-pectin-FER-LLG1 condensates then localize to the microdomain at plasma membrane, thus activating endocytosis of FER and LLG1 receptors, ultimately (de)activating multiple signals such as Ca2+, ROS, and ROP to coordinate plant development and stress responses. Additionally, RALF4 and RALF22 bind to pectin, forming pectin-RALF4-LRX8 and pectin-RALF22-LRX1/2 condensates to regulate pollen tube and root growth, respectively. (C) Elevated temperatures enhance the levels and clustering of RALF1 peptide; FERONIA then perceives RALF1 ligand to phosphorylate itself and GRP7 at Ser132 site, which contributes to GRP7 LLPS. The GRP7 condensates incorporate components including CSP1/3, eIF4E1, and RNA to modulate translation and root growth, thus endowing seedlings with temperature resilience. Notably, low temperatures reverse GRP7 phase separation. eJM, extracellular juxta-membrane domain; KD, kinase domain; MLD, malectin-like domain; PM, plasma membrane; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ROP, Rho-of-Plant. ?, indicates unknown signaling component.
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