Clinical management protocols for community pharmacist-led management of urinary tract infections: a review of the grey literature and quality appraisal

Abstract

Background: Pharmacist-led management of urinary tract infections has been introduced as a service in the United Kingdom, Canada, United States of America, New Zealand, and Australia. The management of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections by community pharmacists has gained increasing attention as a potential avenue to alleviate the burden on primary healthcare services.

Aim: The objectives of the review were to: (1) identify protocols for community pharmacist management of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women aged 16-65 years; (2) outline their key components; and (3) appraise the quality of protocols.

Method: A grey literature search was undertaken for protocols intended for use by community pharmacists for the management of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women aged 16-65 years, met the definition of a clinical management protocol and written in English. Their quality was appraised using the Appraisal Guidelines for Research and Evaluation version II instrument.

Results: Forty of the 274 records screened were included. Content analysis identified ten key components: common signs/symptoms, differential diagnosis, red flags/referral, choice of empirical antibiotic therapy, nonprescription medications, nonpharmacological/self-care advice, patient eligibility criteria, patient follow-up, dipstick testing recommendations, and recommendations on antimicrobial resistance. The lowest scoring domains in the quality assessment were 'Editorial Independence' and 'Rigour of Development'. Only four protocols were deemed high-quality.

Conclusion: The review demonstrates that clinical management protocols for pharmacist-led management of urinary tract infections consist of similar recommendations, despite variation in international practice. However, the findings highlight a deficiency in the quality of most clinical management protocols governing pharmacist-led urinary tract infection management.

Keywords: Clinical management protocol; Community pharmacist; Community pharmacy services; Evidence-based pharmacy practice; Urinary tract infections.

Fig. 1

PRISMA like diagram of grey literature