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Review
. 2024 Jul 1:37:12995.
doi: 10.3389/ti.2024.12995. eCollection 2024.

The Potential Role of the Leucocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Kidney Transplant Rejection: A Mini Review

Jovanne Palvair  1 , Imane Farhat  1   2 , Mélanie Chaintreuil  2 , Ludivine Dal Zuffo  1 , Lennie Messager  1 , Claire Tinel  1   2 , Baptiste Lamarthée  1
Affiliations
Review

The Potential Role of the Leucocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Kidney Transplant Rejection: A Mini Review

Jovanne Palvair et al. Transpl Int. .

Abstract

Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) remains one of the main causes of long-term graft failure after kidney transplantation, despite the development of powerful immunosuppressive therapy. A detailed understanding of the complex interaction between recipient-derived immune cells and the allograft is therefore essential. Until recently, ABMR mechanisms were thought to be solely caused by adaptive immunity, namely, by anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) donor-specific antibody. However recent reports support other and/or additive mechanisms, designating monocytes/macrophages as innate immune contributors of ABMR histological lesions. In particular, in mouse models of experimental allograft rejection, monocytes/macrophages are readily able to discriminate non-self via paired immunoglobulin receptors (PIRs) and thus accelerate rejection. The human orthologs of PIRs are leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs). Among those, LILRB3 has recently been reported as a potential binder of HLA class I molecules, shedding new light on LILRB3 potential as a myeloid mediator of allograft rejection. In this issue, we review the current data on the role of LILRB3 and discuss the potential mechanisms of its biological functions.

Keywords: LILRs; allograft rejection; innate immunity; kidney transplant; monocyte.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
LILRB3’s predicted interaction domains with HLA molecules. Based on sequence alignment, several interaction sites with class I HLA are found on LILRB3 proteins. Domains 1 and 2 are predicted to mainly link the β2-microglobulin HLA class I invariant chain, whereas domains 3 and 4 are predicted to link several polymorphic HLA class I α-chains. Created with ggalluvial R package and BioRender.com.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Immunologic synapse hypothesis between the donor’s renal cell and the recipient’s monocytic cell. ANGPTL, Angiopoietin-Like; APOE, Apolipoprotein-E; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase; DSA, Donor Specific Antibody; HLA, Human Leukocyte Antigen; ITAM, Immunoregulatory Tyrosin-based Activator Motifs; ITIM, Immunoregulatory Tyrosin-based Inhibitory Motifs; LILR, Leukocyte Immunoglobulin Like Receptor. Created with BioRender.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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