The experimental study of consciousness: Is psychology travelling back to the future?

Abstract

It was with the promise of rendering an experimental approach to consciousness that psychology started its trajectory as an independent science more than 150 years ago. Here, we will posit that the neurosciences were instrumental in leading psychology to resume the study of consciousness by projecting an empirical agenda for the future. First, we will start by showing how scientists were able to venture into the consciousness of supposedly unconscious patients, opening the door for the identification of important neural correlates of distinct consciousness states. Then, we will describe how different technological advances and elegant experimental paradigms helped in establishing important neuronal correlates of global consciousness (i.e., being conscious at all), perceptual consciousness (i.e., being conscious of something), and self-consciousness (i.e., being conscious of itself). Finally, we will illustrate how the study of complex consciousness experiences may contribute to the clarification of the mechanisms associated with global consciousness, the relationship between perceptual and self-consciousness, and the interface among distinct self-consciousness domains. In closing, we will elaborate on the road ahead of us for re-establishing psychology as a science of consciousness.

Keywords: Consciousness; Neural markers; Neuropsychology.

Fig. 1

Global, perceptual and self-consciousness.

Fig. 2

Modelling Information Integration in a brain simulation.

Fig. 3

Simulation of TMS evoked potential in three models.

Fig. 4

Operational mechanisms of GNW theory.

Fig. 5

Diagram with levels and theories of consciousness.