The burden of antibiotic resistance of the main microorganisms causing infections in humans - review of the literature

Abstract

One of the biggest threats to human well-being and public health is antibiotic resistance. If allowed to spread unchecked, it might become a major health risk and trigger another pandemic. This proves the need to develop antibiotic resistance-related global health solutions that take into consideration microdata from various global locations. Establishing positive social norms, guiding individual and group behavioral habits that support global human health, and ultimately raising public awareness of the need for such action could all have a positive impact. Antibiotic resistance is not just a growing clinical concern but also complicates therapy, making adherence to current guidelines for managing antibiotic resistance extremely difficult. Numerous genetic components have been connected to the development of resistance; some of these components have intricate paths of transfer between microorganisms. Beyond this, the subject of antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly significant in medical microbiology as new mechanisms underpinning its development are identified. In addition to genetic factors, behaviors such as misdiagnosis, exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, and delayed diagnosis contribute to the development of resistance. However, advancements in bioinformatics and DNA sequencing technology have completely transformed the diagnostic sector, enabling real-time identification of the components and causes of antibiotic resistance. This information is crucial for developing effective control and prevention strategies to counter the threat.

Keywords: AOM, acute otitis media; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b; LVRE, linezolid/vancomycin -resistant enterococci; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; MBL, metallo-beta-lactamases; MDR, multidrug-resistant; MIC, minimum inhibitor concentration; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PBP, penicillin-binding protein; SCCmec staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec; VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococci; XDR, extensively drug-resistant; antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; beta-lactamase; cIAI, complicated intra-abdominal infection; cUTI, complicated urinary tract infection; carbapenems; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; vancomycin.