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Review
. 2024 Jul 24;7(7):CD015802.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015802.pub2.

Strategies for cessation of caffeine administration in preterm infants

Silvana Am Urru  1   2 , Milena Geist  3   4 , Rebecka Carlinger  5 , Enrico Bodrero  6 , Matteo Bruschettini  7   8
Affiliations
Review

Strategies for cessation of caffeine administration in preterm infants

Silvana Am Urru et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Apnea and intermittent hypoxemia (IH) are common developmental disorders in infants born earlier than 37 weeks' gestation. Caffeine administration has been shown to lower the incidence of these disorders in preterm infants. Cessation of caffeine treatment is based on different post-menstrual ages (PMA) and resolution of symptoms. There is uncertainty about the best timing for caffeine discontinuation.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of early versus late discontinuation of caffeine administration in preterm infants.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, and three trial registries in August 2023; we applied no date limits. We checked the references of included studies and related systematic reviews.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in preterm infants born earlier than 37 weeks' gestation, up to a PMA of 44 weeks and 0 days, who received caffeine for any indication for at least seven days. We compared three different strategies for caffeine cessation: 1. at different PMAs, 2. before or after five days without symptoms, and 3. at a predetermined PMA versus at the resolution of symptoms.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. Primary outcomes were: restarting caffeine therapy, intubation within one week of treatment discontinuation, and the need for non-invasive respiratory support within one week of treatment discontinuation. Secondary outcomes were: number of episodes of apnea in the seven days after treatment discontinuation, number of infants with at least one episode of apnea in the seven days after treatment discontinuation, number of episodes of intermittent hypoxemia (IH) within seven days of treatment discontinuation, number of infants with at least one episode of IH in the seven days after of treatment discontinuation, all-cause mortality prior to hospital discharge, major neurodevelopmental disability, number of days of respiratory support after treatment discontinuation, duration of hospital stay, and cost of neonatal care. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome.

Main results: We included three RCTs (392 preterm infants). Discontinuation of caffeine at PMA less than 35 weeks' gestation versus PMA equal to or longer than 35 weeks' gestation This comparison included one single completed RCT with 98 premature infants with a gestational age between 25 + 0 and 32 + 0 weeks at birth. All infants had discontinued caffeine treatment for five days at randomization. The infants received either an oral loading dose of caffeine citrate (20 mg/kg) at randomization followed by oral maintenance dosage (6 mg/kg/day) until 40 weeks PMA, or usual care (controls), during which caffeine was stopped before 37 weeks PMA. Early cessation of caffeine administration in preterm infants at PMA less than 35 weeks' gestation may result in an increase in the number of IH episodes in the seven days after discontinuation of treatment, compared to prolonged caffeine treatment beyond 35 weeks' gestation (mean difference [MD] 4.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.21 to 7.39; 1 RCT, 98 infants; low-certainty evidence). Early cessation may result in little to no difference in all-cause mortality prior to hospital discharge compared to late discontinuation after 35 weeks PMA (risk ratio [RR] not estimable; 98 infants; low-certainty evidence). No data were available for the following outcomes: restarting caffeine therapy, intubation within one week of treatment discontinuation, need for non-invasive respiratory support within one week of treatment discontinuation, number of episodes of apnea, number of infants with at least one episode of apnea in the seven days after discontinuation of treatment, or number of infants with at least one episode of IH in the seven days after discontinuation of treatment. Discontinuation based on PMA versus resolution of symptoms This comparison included two RCTs with a total of 294 preterm infants. Discontinuing caffeine at the resolution of symptoms compared to discontinuing treatment at a predetermined PMA may result in little to no difference in all-cause mortality prior to hospital discharge (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.14 to 7.03; 2 studies, 294 participants; low-certainty evidence), or in the number of infants with at least one episode of apnea within the seven days after discontinuing treatment (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.18; 2 studies; 294 infants; low-certainty evidence). Discontinuing caffeine based on the resolution of symptoms probably results in more infants with IH in the seven days after discontinuation of treatment (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.75; 1 study; 174 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). No data were available for the following outcomes: restarting caffeine therapy, intubation within one week of treatment discontinuation, need for non-invasive respiratory support within one week of treatment discontinuation, or number of episodes of IH in the seven days after treatment discontinuation. Adverse effects In the Rhein 2014 study, five of the infants randomized to caffeine had the caffeine treatment discontinued at the discretion of the clinical team, because of tachycardia. The Pradhap 2023 study reported adverse events, including recurrence of apnea of prematurity (15% in the short and 13% in the regular course caffeine therapy group), varying severities of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hyperglycemia, extrauterine growth restriction, retinopathy of prematurity requiring laser treatment, feeding intolerance, osteopenia, and tachycardia, with no significant differences between the groups. The Prakash 2021 study reported that adverse effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity included tachycardia, feeding intolerance, and potential neurodevelopmental impacts, though most were mild and transient. We identified three ongoing studies.

Authors' conclusions: There may be little or no difference in the incidence of all-cause mortality and apnea in infants who were randomized to later discontinuation of caffeine treatment. However, the number of infants with at least one episode of IH was probably reduced with later cessation. No data were found to evaluate the benefits and harms of later caffeine discontinuation for: restarting caffeine therapy, intubation within one week of treatment discontinuation, or need for non-invasive respiratory support within one week of treatment discontinuation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of different caffeine cessation strategies in premature infants.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

EB, MG, RC, and SU have no interests to declare.

MB is an Associate Editor for the Cochrane Neonatal Group. However, he had no involvement in the editorial processing of this protocol.

Figures

1
1
Screen4Me summary diagram
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2
PRISMA study flow diagram
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3
Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
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4
Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Discontinuation of caffeine at PMA < 35 weeks' gestation versus PMA ≥ 35 weeks' gestation, Outcome 1: Intermittent hypoxemia (IH): number of episodes in the 7 days after treatment discontinued
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Discontinuation of caffeine at PMA < 35 weeks' gestation versus PMA ≥ 35 weeks' gestation, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Discontinuation of caffeine based on PMA (caffeine discontinued at a scheduled PMA) versus discontinuation based on resolution of symptoms (a fixed time after the infant is without respiratory support, or apneic spells) , Outcome 1: Apnea: number of infants with at least 1 episode (interruption of breathing for more than 20 seconds, or as defined by the authors) in the 7 days after treatment discontinued
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Discontinuation of caffeine based on PMA (caffeine discontinued at a scheduled PMA) versus discontinuation based on resolution of symptoms (a fixed time after the infant is without respiratory support, or apneic spells) , Outcome 2: IH: number of infants with at least 1 episode in the 7 days after treatment discontinued
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Discontinuation of caffeine based on PMA (caffeine discontinued at a scheduled PMA) versus discontinuation based on resolution of symptoms (a fixed time after the infant is without respiratory support, or apneic spells) , Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge
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References

References to studies included in this review

Pradhap 2023 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2021/09/036141. How long is caffeine duration enough for preterm infants? https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2021/09/036141 (registered 02 September 2021).
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Prakash 2021 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12622001344785 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12622001344785. Investigating the effect of caffeine to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in babies born late preterm: a randomised controlled trial. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=384799 (first submitted 11 October 2022).

References to ongoing studies

NCT03321734 {published data only}
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NCT03340727 {published data only}
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    1. NCT04868565. Target weaning oxygen to determine cafffeine duration for AOP. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04868565?tab=table (first submitted 27 April 2021).

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