Evaluation of fluid responsiveness using liver compression in dogs with experimentally induced hypovolemia

Abstract

Objective: To investigate whether liver compression (LC) could increase stroke volume (SV) by more than 15% in healthy, anesthetized dogs with hypovolemia and suggest LC as a novel method to evaluate fluid responsiveness.

Animals: 6 healthy Beagles.

Methods: This prospective, nonrandomized experimental study was conducted from November 2023 to February 2024. The dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and mechanically ventilated under neuromuscular blockade. After instrumentation, the dogs underwent the following 4 experimental stages in a sequential, nonrandomized manner: stage 1, baseline; stage 2, 30% withdrawal of circulating blood volume; stage 3, 50% infusion of the collected blood; and stage 4, the remaining 50% infusion of the collected blood. At each stage, SV via pulmonary artery thermodilution and hemodynamic variables were measured before, during, and after the LC.

Results: In stage 2, LC significantly increased mean SV by 30%, from 6.9 to 9 mL/beat. Simultaneously, LC significantly increased mean arterial pressure by 11 mm Hg and mean central venous pressure by 2 mm Hg, while pulse pressure variation significantly decreased from 28% to 22%. In stages 1, 3, and 4, LC did not significantly change mean SV, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure variation; however, mean central venous pressure significantly increased during stage 3.

Clinical relevance: This study demonstrates that LC at 22 mm Hg for 1 minute could increase SV more than 15% in anesthetized, hypovolemic dogs and LC could be used as a novel method to evaluate fluid responsiveness.

Keywords: blood; cardiac output; dog; hemodynamic; liver compression.