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Review
. 2024 Jul 14;46(7):7447-7472.
doi: 10.3390/cimb46070442.

Emerging Strategies against Non-Typhoidal Salmonella: From Pathogenesis to Treatment

Cristina Mihaela Sima  1   2 , Elena Roxana Buzilă  1   3 , Felicia Trofin  1 , Diana Păduraru  4 , Cătălina Luncă  1   5 , Alexandru Duhaniuc  1   3 , Olivia Simona Dorneanu  1   2 , Eduard Vasile Nastase  2   6
Affiliations
Review

Emerging Strategies against Non-Typhoidal Salmonella: From Pathogenesis to Treatment

Cristina Mihaela Sima et al. Curr Issues Mol Biol. .

Abstract

Even with the intensive efforts by public health programs to control and prevent it, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection remains an important public health challenge. It is responsible for approximately 150 million illnesses and 60,000 deaths worldwide annually. NTS infection poses significant risks with high rates of morbidity and mortality, leading to potential short- and long-term complications. There is growing concern among health authorities about the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, with multidrug resistance totaling 22.6% in Europe, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of NTS infection. We outline the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NTS infection, as well as the events leading to invasive NTS infection and the subsequent complications associated with it. Given the widespread implications of antimicrobial resistance, our review also presents the global landscape of resistance, including multidrug resistance, and delve into the underlying mechanisms driving this resistance. The rising rates of antibiotic resistance frequently lead to treatment failures, emphasizing the importance of investigating alternative therapeutic options. Therefore, in this review we also explore potential alternative therapies that could offer promising approaches to treating NTS infections.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; diagnostic methods; iNTS; non-typhoidal Salmonella; pathogenesis; probiotics; vaccination.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathogenesis of NTS infection. Image created with BioRender.com using information from references [32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. NTS: non-typhoidal Salmonella; T6SS: type 6 secretion system; T3SS-1: type 3 secretion system encoded by SPI-1; SCVs: Salmonella-containing vacuoles.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Complications associated with NTS infection. Image created with BioRender.com. NTS: non-typhoidal Salmonella.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Diagnostic methods for NTS infection. Image created with BioRender.com. SAT: Salmonella Antigen Test; LAMP: loop-mediated isothermal amplification; POCT: point-of-care test; NGS: next-generation sequencing; PFGE: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Management of NTS infection. Image created with BioRender.com. ORS: oral rehydration solutions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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