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. 2024 Jul 9;12(14):1369.
doi: 10.3390/healthcare12141369.

Sex Disparities in the Direct Cost and Management of Stroke: A Population-Based Retrospective Study

Jorgina Lucas-Noll  1 , José L Clua-Espuny  2 , Misericòrdia Carles-Lavila  3   4 , Cristina Solà-Adell  1 , Íngrid Roca-Burgueño  1 , Anna Panisello-Tafalla  2 , Ester Gavaldà-Espelta  2 , Lluïsa Queralt-Tomas  2 , Mar Lleixà-Fortuño  5
Affiliations

Sex Disparities in the Direct Cost and Management of Stroke: A Population-Based Retrospective Study

Jorgina Lucas-Noll et al. Healthcare (Basel). .

Abstract

(1) Background: Previous studies have identified disparities in stroke care and outcomes by sex. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the average cost of stroke care and the existence of differences in care provision by biological sex. (2) Methods: This observational study adhered to the recommendations of the STROBE statement. The calculation of costs was performed based on the production cost of the service or the rate paid for a set of services, depending on the availability of the corresponding information. (3) Results: A total of 336 patients were included, of which 47.9% were women, with a mean age of 73.3 ± 11.6 years. Women were typically older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p = 0.005), lower pre-stroke proportion of mRS 0-2 (p = 0.014), greater stroke severity (p < 0.001), and longer hospital stays (p = 0.017), and more were referred to residential services (p = 0.001) at 90 days. Women also required higher healthcare costs related to cardiovascular risk factors, transient ischemic strokes, institutionalization, and support needs; in contrast, they necessitated lower healthcare costs when undergoing endovascular therapy and receiving rehabilitation services. The unadjusted averaged cost of stroke care was EUR 22,605.66 (CI95% 20,442.8-24,768.4), being higher in women [p = 0.027]. The primary cost concept was hospital treatment (38.8%), followed by the costs associated with dependence and support needs (36.3%). At one year post-stroke, the percentage of women not evaluated for a degree of dependency was lower (p = 0.008). (4) Conclusions: The total unadjusted costs averaged EUR 22,605.66 (CI95% EUR 20,442.8-24,768.4), being higher in women compared to men. The primary cost concept was hospital treatment (38.8%), followed by the costs associated with dependence and support needs (36.3%).

Keywords: cerebrovascular disease; cost; medical expenses; outcomes; sex disparities; stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Post-stroke dependence degree (Department of Social Action and Citizenship, Government of Catalonia, Spain).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution (%) of stroke costs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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