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Comparative Study
. 2024 Jul 9;16(14):2180.
doi: 10.3390/nu16142180.

The International Breakfast Research Initiative-Evaluation and Comparison of Breakfast Nutrient Intakes in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines with a View to Proposing a Harmonised Nutrient-Based Breakfast Recommendation

Michael J Gibney  1 , Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa  2 , Elise Line Mognard  3   4   5   6 , Helda Khusan  7   8   9 , Jean-Pierre Poulain  3   4   5   6 , Apple Ducay  2 , Marvin B Toledo  2 , Roselynne Anggraini  8   10 , Judhiastuty Februhartanty  8   9 , Sinéad Hopkins  11
Affiliations
Comparative Study

The International Breakfast Research Initiative-Evaluation and Comparison of Breakfast Nutrient Intakes in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines with a View to Proposing a Harmonised Nutrient-Based Breakfast Recommendation

Michael J Gibney et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

The International Breakfast Research Initiative is a global study of breakfast nutrition, involving 17 countries in four continents, aiming to derive nutrient-based regional recommendations for breakfast. This study aimed to propose a harmonised recommendation for three South-East Asian countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. For each country, data from nationally representative dietary surveys on the contribution of breakfast to daily nutrient intakes at both the adult population level and at the level of the upper tertile of daily nutrient density using the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF) Index were collated and examined. Energy intakes at breakfast ranged from 26 to 27% of daily energy intake. In all three countries, breakfast was carbohydrate-rich, providing 52 to 72% of breakfast energy intake, while it was higher in total and saturated fat in Malaysia and Indonesia. Intakes of fibre and vitamin C were low in all countries, while Malaysia tended to have higher intakes of most minerals, including sodium. Daily and breakfast nutrient intakes (at the population level and in the upper tertile of the NRF Index) were compared to the Codex Alimentarius nutrient reference values (NRVs) to assess adequacy. A decision tree was established based on these data to guide the development of recommendations for nutrient intakes at breakfast across the three countries.

Keywords: IBRI; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; breakfast; nutrient recommendations.

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Conflict of interest statement

The International Breakfast Research Initiative and the open-access publication of the three South-East Asian country papers was funded by Cereal Partners Worldwide. S.H. is an employee of Cereal Partners Worldwide. M.J.G. received compensation for his contribution to the project. I.A.-A., J.-P.P. and H.K. received a research grant through their respective institutions. The authors declare no further conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentage contributions of macronutrients to energy intakes at breakfast and for the whole day in the three countries.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The contribution (%) of breakfast to total daily intake for energy, fibre, and micronutrients in the three countries.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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