The Human Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Metabolic Diseases

Abstract

The human microbiome functions as a separate organ in a symbiotic relationship with the host. Disruption of this host-microbe symbiosis can lead to serious health problems. Modifications to the composition and function of the microbiome have been linked to changes in host metabolic outcomes. Industrial lifestyles with high consumption of processed foods, alcoholic beverages and antibiotic use have significantly altered the gut microbiome in unfavorable ways. Therefore, understanding the causal relationship between the human microbiome and host metabolism will provide important insights into how we can better intervene in metabolic health. In this review, I will discuss the potential use of the human microbiome as a therapeutic target to improve host metabolism.

Keywords: bile acid; host metabolism; human microbiota; metabolic disease; microbial metabolites; short chain fatty acid.

Figure 1

Complex interplay between the gut microbiome, diet and host health. Diet provides nutrients that are absorbed directly by the host and metabolized by the microbiome via fermentation, resulting in the production of metabolites that affect the host. In turn, the host provides its own components to the microbiome, such as mucin and mucus-derived glycans.

Figure 2

Altered gut microbiota in metabolic disease. Unhealthy diet, alcohol or drug use and antibiotics alter the composition and function of the microbiota in unfavorable ways, which may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders. Despite the wide variation in the pathologies of chronic metabolic disorders, a few microbial groups are commonly reduced in individuals with metabolic disorders such as butyrate-producing taxa and Akkermansia muciniphila. These bacterial species may therefore be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders. Down arrow as reduction and up arrow as increase.

Figure 3

Potential therapeutic gut microbes with proven metabolic health benefits. GLP1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; BMI: Body mass index. Down arrow as reduction and up arrow as increase.

Figure 4

Microbial components regulate host metabolism. Components with a positive influence on host metabolism are indicated by brown arrows, while components with a negative influence are indicated by grey arrows.