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Review
. 2024 Jun 23;12(7):1278.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12071278.

Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas-Vector Transmission in Livestock

Mareike Arendt  1 , Julia Stadler  2 , Mathias Ritzmann  2 , Julia Ade  1 , Katharina Hoelzle  1 , Ludwig E Hoelzle  1
Affiliations
Review

Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas-Vector Transmission in Livestock

Mareike Arendt et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (HMs) are highly host-adapted and specialized pathogens infecting a wide range of mammals including farm animals, i.e., pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats. Although HMs have been known for over 90 years, we still do not know much about the natural transmission routes within herds. Recently, it has been repeatedly discussed in publications that arthropod vectors may play a role in the transmission of HMs from animal to animal. This is mainly since several HM species could be detected in different potential arthropod vectors by PCR. This review summarizes the available literature about the transmission of bovine, porcine, ovine, and caprine HM species by different hematophagous arthropod vectors. Since most studies are only based on the detection of HMs in potential vectors, there are rare data about the actual vector competence of arthropods. Furthermore, there is a need for additional studies to investigate, whether there are biological vectors in which HMs can multiply and be delivered to new hosts.

Keywords: arthropod vectors; hemotrophic mycoplasmas; transmission.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Transmission pathways of hemotrophic mycoplasma in livestock.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Suspected arthropod vectors for hemotrophic mycoplasmas in cattle described so far.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Suspected arthropod vectors for hemotrophic mycoplasmas in goats and sheep described so far.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Suspected arthropod vectors for hemotrophic mycoplasmas in pigs described so far.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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