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. 2024 Jul 15;16(14):2023.
doi: 10.3390/polym16142023.

Optimization of Biologically Inspired Electrospun Scaffold for Effective Use in Bone Regenerative Applications

Susai Mani Mary Stella  1 , Murugapandian Rama  2 , T M Sridhar  3 , Uthirapathy Vijayalakshmi  1
Affiliations

Optimization of Biologically Inspired Electrospun Scaffold for Effective Use in Bone Regenerative Applications

Susai Mani Mary Stella et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Human bone is composed of organic and inorganic composite materials, contributing to its unique strength and flexibility. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been extensively studied for bone regeneration, due to its excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity, which makes it a highly valuable biomaterial for tissue engineering applications. For better therapeutic effects, composite nanofibers containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) were developed using an electrospinning technique in this study. Herein, hydroxyapatite (a major inorganic constituent of native bone) concentrations varying from 5 to 25% were reinforced in the composite, which could alter the properties of nanofibers. The as-prepared composite nanofibers were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR spectroscopy, and a bioactivity assessment was performed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The ICP-OES analysis was used to determine the concentration of Ca2+ and PO42- ions before and after SBF immersion. To optimize the material selection, the nanofibrous scaffolds were subjected to cell proliferation and differentiation in MG-63 osteoblast cell lines, but no significant toxicity was observed. In conclusion, HAP-PVA-PVP scaffolds exhibit unique physical and chemical properties and ideal biocompatibility, with great promise to serve as effective candidates for bone tissue applications.

Keywords: biomineralization; bone tissue regeneration; cell viability; electrospinning; hydroxyapatite.

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Conflict of interest statement

We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication, and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FTIR analysis of (a) PVA-PVP; (b) 5%; (c) 10%; (d) 15%; (e) 20%; and (f) 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XRD analysis of (a) PVA-PVP; (b) pure HAP; (c) 5%; (d) 10%; (e) 15%; (f) 20%; and (g) 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 3
Figure 3
TGA analysis of (a) PVA and PVP; (b) 5%; (c) 10%; (d) 15%; (e) 20%; and (f) 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 4
Figure 4
DSC analysis of (a) PVA and PVP; (b) 5%; (c) 10%; (d) 15%; (e) 20%; and (f) 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM analysis and pore distribution of (a) PVA-PVP; (b) 5%; (c) 10%; (d) 15%; (e) 20%; and (f) 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 6
Figure 6
EDAX analysis of (A) PVA-PVP; (B) 5%; (C) 10%; (D) 15%; (E) 20%; and (F) 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 7
Figure 7
TEM analysis of (a) PVA and PVP (without HAP); (b) 5%; (c) 15%; and (d) 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 8
Figure 8
ICP-OES analysis of 5%, 15%, and 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP after SBF immersion at various intervals.
Figure 9
Figure 9
SEM analysis of SBF-immersed nanofiber for various intervals of 5%, 15%, and 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP.
Figure 10
Figure 10
XPS full survey for before and after immersion of 25% HAP-PVA-PVP nanofiber and core level spectrum of Ca 2p, P 2p, O 1s, and C1s are mentioned.
Figure 11
Figure 11
In vitro hemolytic assay for PVA and PVP and 5% to 25% of HAP-PVA-PVP nanofiber.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Alkaline phosphatase assay for 5% and 25% of HAP composite nanofibers. The (*) displays that the difference is statistically significant at p < 0.05 (data represent the mean ± standard deviation).
Figure 13
Figure 13
Biocompatibility results for (a) control (b), 5, and (c) 25% of HAP composite nanofibers.
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