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. 2024 Jul 18;12(7):792.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines12070792.

Equal Maintenance of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Induced by Heterologous and Homologous Regimens of the BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, CoronaVac and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines: A Longitudinal Study Up to the 4th Dose of Booster

Tatiana A do Nascimento  1   2 , Patricia Y Nogami  2   3 , Camille F de Oliveira  1 , Walter F F Neto  1 , Carla P da Silva  1 , Ana Claudia S Ribeiro  1 , Alana W de Sousa  1 , Maria N O Freitas  1 , Jannifer O Chiang  1   2 , Franko A Silva  1 , Liliane L das Chagas  1 , Valéria L Carvalho  1   2 , Raimunda S S Azevedo  1   2 , Pedro F C Vasconcelos  2   4 , Igor B Costa  2   3 , Iran B Costa  3 , Luana S Barbagelata  3 , Wanderley D das Chagas Junior  3 , Edvaldo T da Penha Junior  3 , Luana S Soares  3 , Giselle M R Viana  5 , Alberto A Amarilla  6 , Naphak Modhiran  6 , Daniel Watterson  6   7   8 , Lívia M N Casseb  1   2 , Lívia C Martins  1   2 , Daniele F Henriques  1   2
Affiliations

Equal Maintenance of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Induced by Heterologous and Homologous Regimens of the BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, CoronaVac and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines: A Longitudinal Study Up to the 4th Dose of Booster

Tatiana A do Nascimento et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Several technological approaches have been used to develop vaccines against COVID-19, including those based on inactivated viruses, viral vectors, and mRNA. This study aimed to monitor the maintenance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals from Brazil according to the primary vaccination regimen, as follows: BNT162b2 (group 1; 22) and ChAdOx1 (group 2; 18). Everyone received BNT162b2 in the first booster while in the second booster CoronaVac, Ad26.COV2.S, or BNT162b2. Blood samples were collected from 2021 to 2023 to analyze specific RBD (ELISA) and neutralizing antibodies (PRNT50). We observed a progressive increase in anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies in each subsequent dose, remaining at high titers until the end of follow-up. Group 1 had higher anti-RBD antibody titers than group 2 after beginning the primary regimen, with significant differences after the 2nd and 3rd doses. Group 2 showed a more expressive increase after the first booster with BNT162B2 (heterologous booster). Group 2 also presented high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Gamma and Delta variants until five months after the second booster. In conclusion, the circulating levels of anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies against the two variants of SARS-CoV-2 were durable even five months after the 4th dose, suggesting that periodic booster vaccinations (homologous or heterologous) induced long-lasting immunity.

Keywords: BNT162b2; COVID-19; ChAdOx1-S; CoronaVac; anti-RBD antibodies; dose booster; neutralizing antibodies; study longitudinal; vaccine effectiveness.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the groups and vaccines administered.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Monitoring of anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies by indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) in Group 1 and Group 2: (A) curve of specific antibodies for RBD (Group 1), expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; (B) linear regression analysis of anti-RBD antibodies along the experimental kinetics (Group 1); (C) curve of antibodies specific to RBD of those vaccinated (Group 1) who were infected naturally or not by SARS-CoV-2; (D) curve of antibodies specific to RBD (Group 2), expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; (E) linear regression analysis of anti-RBD antibodies over time (Group 2); (F) curve of antibodies specific to RBD of individuals in Group 2 who were infected naturally or not with SARS-CoV-2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Monitoring anti-RBD antibodies after administration of the second booster in group 1.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Total anti-RBD antibody levels were assessed between groups 1 (BNT162b2) and 2 (ChAdOx1), expressed as the mean OD ± standard deviation: (A) comparative analysis between group 1 and group 2 of the mean OD values in the study with a complete vaccination scheme (primary vaccination scheme + boosters), * p < 0.05; (B) distribution of the OD values per day as a dot plot, **** p < 0.0001 and ** p = 0.0038; (C) percentage of seroconversion in individuals from group 1 and group 2; (D) comparison of the OD distribution of groups 1 and 2 with the second booster dose with the CoronaVac vaccine.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from the primary vaccination scheme to the second booster, expressed as the mean OD and as the average by PRNT50 with the Gamma and Delta variants. BNT, BNT162b2; CHAD, ChAdOx1; Nabs, neutralizing antibodies.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Levels of neutralizing antibodies in individuals from group 2 against the Gamma (P1) and Delta variants (values expressed as the average by the PRNT50); (B) percentage of seroconversion in individuals analyzed by PRNT.
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