Sleep apnea in schizophrenia: Estimating prevalence and impact on cognition

Abstract

Undertreated medical illnesses can compound the disabling cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) impairs cognitive domains also affected by schizophrenia, is common, and is treatable. The effects of sleep apnea on cognition in schizophrenia, however, are not well understood. We estimated the prevalence of OSA in a previously characterized sample of 3942 Veterans with schizophrenia by self-report and with a predictive model to identify individuals at high risk for OSA. We then compared neuropsychological and functional capacity assessment results between those who reported OSA versus those who did not, and between those predicted to have OSA versus predicted to not have OSA. We expected that many Veterans not reporting sleep apnea would be predicted to have it, and that both reported and predicted sleep apnea would be associated with lower cognitive and functional performance. The reported prevalence of OSA in the sample was 14%, whereas 72% were predicted to be at high risk of OSA. Interestingly, participants who reported having OSA had better cognitive and functional capacity performance (p's < 0.001) compared to those who did not report OSA, particularly on speed of processing assessments (p < 0.001). Predicted OSA, by contrast, was associated with lower speed of processing, verbal learning and working memory test scores (p's < 0.001). One possible interpretation of these results is that people with higher cognitive capacity may be more likely to seek medical care, while those with cognitive impairments are at greater risk for having untreated co-occurring medical conditions that further compromise cognition.

Keywords: Cognition; Mortality; Schizophrenia; Serious mental illness; Sleep apnea; Veterans.