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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Jul 30;7(7):CD008873.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008873.pub5.

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Cristina Palacios  1 , Lia L Kostiuk  2 , Anna Cuthbert  3 , Jo Weeks  3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Cristina Palacios et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy may help improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes (such as fewer preterm birth and low birthweight babies) and reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (such as severe postpartum haemorrhage).

Objectives: To examine whether vitamin D supplementation alone or in combination with calcium or other vitamins and minerals given to women during pregnancy can safely improve certain maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Trials Register (which includes results of comprehensive searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and relevant conference proceedings) (3 December 2022). We also searched the reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials evaluating the effect of supplementation with vitamin D alone or in combination with other micronutrients for women during pregnancy in comparison to placebo or no intervention.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently i) assessed the eligibility of studies against the inclusion criteria, ii) assessed trustworthiness based on pre-defined criteria of scientific integrity, iii) extracted data from included studies, and iv) assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: The previous version of this review included 30 studies; in this update, we have removed 20 of these studies to 'awaiting classification' following assessments of trustworthiness, one study has been excluded, and one new study included. This current review has a total of 10 included studies, 117 excluded studies, 34 studies in awaiting assessment, and seven ongoing studies. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. This removal of the studies resulted in evidence that was downgraded to low-certainty or very low-certainty due to study design limitations, inconsistency between studies, and imprecision. Supplementation with vitamin D compared to no intervention or a placebo A total of eight studies involving 2313 pregnant women were included in this comparison. We assessed four studies as having a low risk of bias for most domains and four studies as having high risk or unclear risk of bias for most domains. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of supplementation with vitamin D during pregnancy compared to placebo or no intervention on pre-eclampsia (risk ratio (RR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 1.33; 1 study, 165 women), gestational diabetes (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.03 to 8.28; 1 study, 165 women), preterm birth (< 37 weeks) (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.33; 3 studies, 1368 women), nephritic syndrome (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.06; 1 study, 135 women), or hypercalcaemia (1 study; no cases reported). Supplementation with vitamin D during pregnancy may reduce the risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage; however, only one study reported this outcome (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.91; 1 study, 1134 women; low-certainty evidence) and may reduce the risk of low birthweight; however, the upper CI suggests that an increase in risk cannot be ruled out (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.08; 3 studies, 371 infants; low-certainty evidence). Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium compared to no intervention or a placebo One study involving 84 pregnant women was included in this comparison. Overall, this study was at moderate to high risk of bias. Pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and maternal adverse events were not reported. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of supplementation with vitamin D and calcium on preterm birth (RR not estimable; very low-certainty evidence) or for low birthweight (RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.14 to 14.94; very low-certainty evidence) compared to women who received placebo or no intervention. Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D) One study involving 1298 pregnant women was included in this comparison. We assessed this study as having a low risk of bias in all domains. Pre-eclampsia was not reported. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of supplementation with vitamin D, calcium, and other vitamins and minerals during pregnancy compared to no vitamin D on gestational diabetes (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.73; very low-certainty evidence), maternal adverse events (hypercalcaemia no events and hypercalciuria RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.02 to 3.97; very low-certainty evidence), preterm birth (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.59; low-certainty evidence), or low birthweight (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.51; low-certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: This updated review using the trustworthy assessment tool removed 21 studies from the previous update and added one new study for a total of 10 included studies. In this setting, supplementation with vitamin D alone compared to no intervention or a placebo resulted in very uncertain evidence on pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, or nephritic syndrome. It may reduce the risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage; however, only one study reported this outcome. It may also reduce the risk of low birthweight; however, the upper CI suggests that an increase in risk cannot be ruled out. Supplementation with vitamin D and calcium versus placebo or no intervention resulted in very uncertain evidence on preterm birth and low birthweight. Pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and maternal adverse events were not reported in the only study included in this comparison. Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D) resulted in very uncertain evidence on gestational diabetes and maternal adverse events (hypercalciuria) and uncertain evidence on preterm birth and low birthweight. Pre-eclampsia was not reported in the only study included in this comparison. All findings warrant further research. Additional rigorous, high-quality, and larger randomised trials are required to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy, particularly in relation to the risk of maternal adverse events.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01422122 NCT01732328 NCT01126528 NCT01924013 NCT01693510 NCT00938600 NCT00856947 NCT00610688 NCT02021864 NCT02506439 NCT01112891 NCT02215213 NCT01038453 NCT01417351 NCT00292591 NCT01932788 NCT00920621.

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Conflict of interest statement

Cristina Palacios: none known.

Lia L Kostiuk: none known

Anna Cuthbert was previously employed by Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth as a research associate. She was then employed by the University of Liverpool for a project that included the work on this review. The project was funded by the Children’s Investment Foundation Fund (CIFF); however, the views expressed are those of the authors and not of CIFF. Anna Cuthbert has no known conflicts of interest to declare.

Jo Weeks was employed on a consultancy basis by the University of Liverpool for a project that included the work on this review. The project was funded by the Children’s Investment Foundation Fund (CIFF); however, the views expressed are those of the authors and not of CIFF. Jo Weeks has no known conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Process for using the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of a study (Weeks 2023).
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 1: Pre‐eclampsia (ALL)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 2: Gestational diabetes (ALL)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 3: Maternal adverse events
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 4: Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) (ALL)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 5: Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 6: Caesarean section
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 7: Gestational hypertension
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 8: Maternal death (death while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy) (ALL)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 9: Maternal vitamin D concentration at term (25‐hydroxyvitamin D) (nmol/L) (ALL)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 10: Birth length (cm)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 11: Head circumference at birth (cm)
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 12: Birthweight (g)
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 13: Stillbirth
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 14: Neonatal death
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Supplementation with vitamin D alone versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamins or minerals), Outcome 15: Apgar score less than seven at five minutes
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamin or minerals), Outcome 1: Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL)
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamin or minerals), Outcome 2: Birth length (cm)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamin or minerals), Outcome 3: Head circumference at birth (cm)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium versus placebo or no intervention (no vitamin or minerals), Outcome 4: Birthweight (g)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 1: Gestational diabetes (ALL)
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 2: Maternal adverse events
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 3: Preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) (ALL)
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 4: Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL)
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 5: Caesarean section
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 6: Gestational hypertension
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 7: Maternal death (death while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy)
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 8: Maternal vitamin D concentration at term (25‐hydroxyvitamin D) (nmol/L) (ALL)
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 9: Birth length (cm)
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 10: Head circumference at birth (cm)
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 11: Birthweight (g)
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 12: Stillbirth
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3: Supplementation with vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals versus calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D), Outcome 13: Neonatal death
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    1. Baidya A, Pathak Y, Sengupta N, Sahana PK, Goswami S, Tarenia S, et al. Effect of vitamin d replacement on glycemic status and pregnancy outcomes in vitamin d-deficient subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2022;71(71 (Suppl 1)):158-LB. [CENTRAL: CN-02467245] 21671369 [EMBASE: 638676768]
Baqui 2009 {published data only}
    1. Baqui A. Antenatal vitamin D supplementation to improve neonatal health outcomes in Dhaka, Bangladesh: preliminary dose-finding and safety study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00938600 (first received 14 July 2009). [NCT00938600]
    1. Roth DE, Al A, Raqib R, Akhtar E, Black RE, Baqui AH. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose weekly oral vitamin D3 supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Nutrients 2013;5(3):788-810. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Roth DE, Al Mahmud A, Raqib R, Black RE, Baqui AH. Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of vitamin D3 (70,000 IU) in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Nutrition Journal 2012;11:114. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-114] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Roth DE, Al-Mahmud A, El S, Raqib R, Black RE, Baqui AH. Randomized open-label trial of two weekly oral vitamin D3 supplementation regimens during the third trimester of pregnancy in Bangladeshi women: effects on maternal vitamin D status and safety. FASEB Journal 2011;25(Suppl):236.6.
Bhatia 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bhatia V. A study of the effect of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women, on the growth and biochemical features of the newborn baby and infant. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=1674&EncHid=&amp... (first received 19 May 2010). [CTRI/2010/091/000499]
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    1. Sahu M, Das V, Aggarwal A, Rawat V, Saxena P, Bhatia V. Vitamin D replacement in pregnant women in rural north India: a pilot study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(9):1157-9. - PubMed
Bhatia 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bhatia V, Katam K, Agarwal A, Das V, Ramesh V. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and its effect on cord blood 25 hydroxycholecalciferol and anthropometry of the newborn. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2013;80(Suppl 1):220.
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Bhavya 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bhavya Swetha RV, Samal R, George CE. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on improving glycaemic control in diabetic vitamin D-deficient pregnant women: a single-blinded randomized control trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 2020;70(2):119-25. [CENTRAL: CN-02051461] 12549794 [EMBASE: 2003843093] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bimson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bimson B, Brustman L, Al Ibraheemi Z, Herrera K, Rosenn B. Can weekly vitamin D dosing adequately treat vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;216(1):S380-1.
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    1. Bisgaard H. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy for prevention of asthma in childhood (ABCvitaminD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00856947 (first received 6 March 2009).
    1. Brustad N, Chawes BL, Thorsen J, Krakauer M, Lasky-Su J, Weiss ST, et al. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and 25(OH)D sufficiency in childhood reduce the risk of fractures and improve bone mineralization in childhood: follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine 2022;43:101254. [CENTRAL: CN-02357879] 19627261 [EMBASE: 2016063112] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brustad N, Eliasen A, Stokholm J, Bonnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Chawes BL. High-dose vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and asthma at age 6: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2019;74(Suppl 106):60. [CENTRAL: CN-01995971] 12167698 [EMBASE: 629485006]
    1. Brustad N, Eliasen AU, Stokholm J, Bonnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Chawes BL. High-dose vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and asthma in offspring at the age of 6 years. JAMA 2019;321(10):1003-5. [CENTRAL: CN-01912906] 10548335 [EMBASE: 626728495] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Camarena 2022 {published data only}
    1. Camarena Pulido EE, Mora Gonzalez S, Corona Gutierrez AA, Robledo Aceves M, Basso Barba P, Salgado Leyva Y. Effect of supplementation with 5,000 IU of vitamin D on the glycemic profile of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2022;50(9):1225-9. [CENTRAL: CN-02420815] 21178700 [EMBASE: 638396435] [PMID: ] - PubMed
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    1. Chandy DD, Kare J, Singh SN, Agarwal A, Das V, Singh U, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation, directly or via breast milk for term infants, on serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D and related biochemistry, and propensity to infection: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2016;116(1):52-8. - PubMed
ChiCTR1900027679 (first received 2019) {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900027679. The role of prenatal vitamin D deficiency-metaflammation on maternal and child impaired glucose homeostasis and vitamin D supplementation trial based on a birth cohort study. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900027679 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-02445460] 21389028
ChiCTR‐TRC‐14005235 (first received 2014) {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-14005235. Glucose metabolism impact of a single injection of vitamin D3 on gestational diabetes with vitamin D deficiency [Glucose metabolism impact of a single injection of vitamin D3 on gestational diabetes with vitamin D]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-TRC-14005235 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01877483] 10777235
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    1. CTRI/2013/10/004056. To study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and the effect of supplementation in preventing adverse pregnancy outcome [Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy: Its prevalence and role of supplementation in preventing adverse maternal and fetal outcome: a double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2013/10/004056 (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01805697] 10705649
CTRI/2014/12/005343 (first received 2014) {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2014/12/005343. Role of vitamin D & calcium supplementation in gestational diabetic mothers [Role of vitamin D- calcium supplementation on metabolic profile and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus: an open labeled, parallel arm randomised control trial]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2014/12/005343 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01800493] 10700451
CTRI/2019/01/017185 (first received 2019) {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/01/017185. Usefulness of vitamin D in pregnant diabetics [Effect of vitamin D supplementation among women with low vitamin D levels in gestational diabetes mellitus]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2019/01/017185 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01971456] 12073568
CTRI/2022/01/039091 (first received 2022) {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2022/01/039091. Vitamin D supplements during pregnancy [Oral vitamin D supplementation as a safe, affordable treatment for profound vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2022/01/039091 (first received 2022). [CENTRAL: CN-02449634] 21393174
Cullers 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cullers A, King JC, Van Loan M, Gildengorin G, Fung EB. Effect of prenatal calcium supplementation on bone during pregnancy and 1 y postpartum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2019;109(1):197-206. [CENTRAL: CN-01967619] 11933332 [EMBASE: 626589056] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Czech-Kowalska J, Latka-Grot J, Bulsiewicz D, Jaworski M, Pludowski P, Chazan B, et al. Influence of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and bone mass during lactation - double blinded randomized control trial. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):796, Abstract no: PO1128.
Das 2009 {published data only}
    1. Das V, Agarwal A, Bhatia V, Pandey A, Agarwal S, Saxena P, et al. Evaluation of vitamin d status and need for supplementation in pregnant women of a rural area of North India (abstract 0205). International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S151.
Das 2010 {published data only}
    1. Das V. Vitamin D and calcium nutrition in pregnancy-evaluation of optimal supplementation dose of vitamin D during antenatal period. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=1553 (first received 2 June 2010). [CTRI/2010/091/000352]
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    1. Dawodu A, Saadi HF, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis BW. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2013;98(6):2337-46. - PubMed
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DRKS00005421 (first received 2013) {published data only}
    1. DRKS00005421. Observational study of the daily intake of 1000 IU vitamin D3 during pregnancy on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00005421 (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01814338] 10714273
Enkhmaa 2018 Dec {published data only}
    1. Enkhmaa D, Tanz L, Ganmaa D, Enkhtur S, Oyun-Erdene B, Stuart J, et al. Randomized trial of three doses of vitamin D to reduce deficiency in pregnant Mongolian women. EBioMedicine 2018;39:510-9. [CENTRAL: CN-01789782] 10405306 [EMBASE: 2001370065] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Etemadifar 2015 {published data only}
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    1. Fang CEH, Hamill M, Ahern T, Hoashi S, Collins C, Gannon M. Measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels early during pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2019;188:S209. [CENTRAL: CN-02138317] 14211336 [EMBASE: 632078923]
Gerais 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gerais AS, Hussein S. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E352.
Gunasegaran 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gunasegaran P, Tahmina S, Daniel M, Nanda SK. Role of vitamin D-calcium supplementation on metabolic profile and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2020;47(3):1016-22. [CENTRAL: CN-02288957] 16145179 [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gupta 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gupta T, Sharma H, Bajpai J, Kachhawa G, Kulshreshtha V, Khadgawat R, et al. A randomized double blind controlled trial to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and new-born baby's vitamin D status in Asian-Indian subjects. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2018;22(7):S89. [CENTRAL: CN-01914880] 10843234 [EMBASE: 626683869]
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Gurkan 2022 {published data only}
    1. Gurkan N. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy inhibits the activation of fetal membrane NF-κB pathway. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2022;26(16):5926-31. [CENTRAL: CN-02461125] 21593047 [PMID: ] - PubMed
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    1. Hajhashemi M, Khorsandi A, Haghollahi F. Comparison of sun exposure versus vitamin D supplementation for pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2017;32(8):1-6. [CENTRAL: CN-01787857] 7743503 [EMBASE: 619456883] - PubMed
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Hanieh 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hanieh S, Ha TT, Simpson JA, Thuy TT, Khuong NC, Thoang DD, et al. Maternal vitamin D status and infant outcomes in rural Vietnam: a prospective cohort study. PLOS One 2014;9(6):e99005. [CENTRAL: CN-01105815] 1836324 [EMBASE: 24967813] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hashemipour 2014 {published data only}
    1. Abotorabi S, Hashemi poor S, Esmailzadehha N, Ziaee A, Khoeiniha MH. Effect of treatment with vitamin D on maternal and neonatal indices in pregnant women with hypocalcemia: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Pediatrics 2017;5(9):5733-9.
    1. Hashemipour S, Ziaee A, Javadi A, Movahed F, Elmizadeh K, Javadi EH, et al. Effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency during pregnancy on fetal growth indices and maternal weight gain: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2014;172:15-9. - PubMed
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    1. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. Erratum: Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness (Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (2011) 26 (2341-2357) DOI: 10 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.463). Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2011;26(12):3001. [CENTRAL: CN-01017003] 1747609 [EMBASE: 362976584] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lyttle KM, Mangum HE, Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Ebeling MD, Hollis BD, et al. Periodontal outcomes: RCT of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women. Journal of Dental Research 2007;86:Spec Iss A. [CENTRAL: CN-02344578] 18951008
    1. Reed S, Miller C, Lawson A, Hollis B, Wagner C. Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and pediatric enamel hypoplasia. Journal of Dental Research 2017;96:Spec Iss A. [CENTRAL: CN-02344817] 19213096
    1. Wagner CL, Brady SK, Newton D, Baatz JE, Shary JR, Hollis BW. The effects of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) genotypes on circulating 25(OH)D and VDBP levels during pregnancy. FASEB Journal 2017;31(1):0. [CENTRAL: CN-01709144] 10342345 [EMBASE: 616960020]
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Hossain 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hossain N, Kanani F, Khanani R, Ayaz S, Pal L. Effect of maternal supplementation with vitamin D during pregnancy on neonatal serum vitamin D levels and anthropometric measurements. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S372.
    1. Hossain N, Kanani FH, Ramzan S, Kausar R, Ayaz S, Khanani R, et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of maternal vitamin D supplementation: results of an open-label, randomised controlled trial of antenatal vitamin D supplementation in Pakistani women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013;99(7):2448-55. - PubMed
    1. NCT01418664. Prevention of adverse pregnancy outcome with vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01418664 (first received 15 August 2011). [CENTRAL: CN-02031654] 12570124
Hosseinzadeh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hosseinzadeh M, Razmpoosh E, Elham shareghfarid, Hosseinzadeh E, Hadinedoushan H, Salami M-A, et al. The effect of a single mega dose injection of vitamin D on serum adiponectin concentration at first gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition Experimental (first received 2020);33:39-48. [CENTRAL: CN-02175508] 14780234 [EMBASE: 2007677195]
Huang 2021 {published data only}
    1. Huang S, Fu J, Zhao R, Wang B, Zhang M, Li L, et al. The effect of combined supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids on blood glucose and blood lipid levels in patients with gestational diabetes. Annals of Palliative Medicine 2021;10(5):5652-8. [CENTRAL: CN-02276974] 17897674 [PMID: ] - PubMed
IRCT20100102002954N11 (first received 2018) {published data only}
    1. IRCT20100102002954N11. Calcium-D supplementation effects in sugar control in gestational diabetes [Evaluation of calcium-D supplementation effects in sugar control in patients with gestational diabetes]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20100102002954N11 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01909573] 10809256
IRCT20120718010324N59 (first received 2020) {published data only}
    1. IRCT20120718010324N59. The effect of vitamin D on fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels [The effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance biomarker and fasting blood glucose in pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20120718010324N59 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02187178] 15373359
IRCT20120718010324N61 (first received 2021) {published data only}
    1. IRCT20120718010324N61. The effect of vitamin D on sleep quality and pregnancy symptoms [The effect of vitamin D on sleep quality and pregnancy symptoms in pregnant women: a randomized controlled clinical trial]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20120718010324N61 (first received 2021). [CENTRAL: CN-02239288] 16906137
IRCT2012101611144N1 (first received 2012) {published data only}
    1. IRCT2012101611144N1. Gestational diabetes and vitamin D [The impact of vitamin D supplementation in gestational diabetes cases on post-partum glucose tolerance and insulin resistance: a randomized controlled trial]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2012101611144N1 (first received 2012). [CENTRAL: CN-01883554] 10783294
IRCT20130616013678N29 (first received 2019) {published data only}
    1. IRCT20130616013678N29. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on control of gestational diabetes [Study of the effect of vitamin D oral supplementation on glycemic control, serum levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and lipid profile in gestational diabetes mellitus patients]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20130616013678N29 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01970840] 12072954
IRCT201306253140N11 (first received 2013) {published data only}
    1. IRCT201306253140N11. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of patients with gestational diabetes [Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D levels and markers of metabolic and inflammatory in women with gestational diabetes]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201306253140N11 (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01816063] 10715993
IRCT2015022714275N2 (first received 2015) {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015022714275N2. Effect of vitamin D on gestational diabetes [Comparison of vitamin D supplements effect on gestational diabetes in pregnant women with and without vitamin D deficiency]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015022714275N2 (first received 2015). [CENTRAL: CN-01818951] 10718879
IRCT20150607022585N3 (first received 2018) {published data only}
    1. IRCT20150607022585N3. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance indices in gestational diabetes mellitus [Comparison of the effect of vitamin D supplementation on fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance indices in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus with a group of gestational diabetic pregnant women who do not receive vitamin D supplement]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20150607022585N3 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01910057] 10809739
IRCT2015122725725N1 (first received 2016) {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015122725725N1. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on controlling blood sugar in patients with gestational diabetes [A clinical trial to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose status in mothers with gestational diabetes]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015122725725N1 (first received 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01877760] 10777512
Ito 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ito M, Koyama H, Ohshige A, Maeda T, Yoshimura T, Okamura H. Prevention of preeclampsia with calcium supplementation and vitamin D3 in an antenatal protocol. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1994;47(2):115-20. - PubMed
Jamilian 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jamilian M, Karamali M, Taghizadeh M, Sharifi N, Jafari Z, Memarzadeh MR, et al. Vitamin D and evening primrose oil administration improve glycemia and lipid profiles in women with gestational diabetes. Lipids 2016;51(3):349-56. - PubMed
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    1. Jamilian M, Samimi M, Ebrahimi FA, Hashemi T, Taghizadeh M, Razavi M, et al. The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid co-supplementation on glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with gestational diabetes. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2017;11(2):459-68. - PubMed
Jamilian 2017b {published data only}
    1. Jamilian M, Afshar R. Effects of combined evening primrose oil and vitamin D intake on HS-CRP, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes. Journal of Arak University Medical Science 2017;19(12):43-51. [CENTRAL: CN-02111924] 13657441
Jamilian 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jamilian M, Mirhosseini N, Eslahi M, Bahmani F, Shokrpour M, Chamani M, et al. The effects of magnesium-zinc-calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2019;19(1):107. [CENTRAL: CN-01939221] 11482502 [EMBASE: 626988998] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Jefferson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jefferson KK, Parikh HI, Garcia EM, Edwards DJ, Serrano MG, Hewison M, et al. Relationship between vitamin D status and the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy. Journal of Perinatology 2019;39(6):824-36. [CENTRAL: CN-02102943] 13575922 [EMBASE: 626750133] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Judkins 2010 {published data only}
    1. Judkins A. A randomised double blinded interventional trial to determine the effect of 50,000 IU vitamin D supplementation monthly or twice monthly from 20 weeks gestation. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12610001044011 (first received 23 November 2010).
Kachhawa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gupta T, Kachhawa G, Sharma H, Bajpai J, Kulshreshtha V, Khadgawat R, et al. A randomized double blind controlled trial to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and new-born baby's vitamin D status in Asian-Indian subjects. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2017;21(8 Suppl 2):S44-5.
    1. Kachhawa G. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and new-born baby's vitamin D status in Asian-Indian subjects - VIDIMAN. http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=8544&EncH... (first received 13 June 2014).
Karamali 2014 {published data only}
    1. Karamali M, Asemi Z, Ahmadi-Dastjerdi M, Esmaillzadeh A. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation affects pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2016;19(1):156-63. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Karamali M, IRCT201407115623N23. Effect of vitamin D plus calcium co-supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. en.search.irct.ir/view/19118 (first received 21 July 2014).
Karamali 2015 {published data only}
    1. Karamali M, Beihaghi E, Mohammadi AA, Asemi Z. Effects of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on metabolic status and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2015;47(12):867-82. - PubMed
Kermack 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kermack AJ, Calder PC, Macklon NS, Fisk HL, Houghton FD, Lowen PK, et al. Prepare trial: a randomised double blinded controlled trial of a preconception omega 3 and vitamin D rich dietary supplement in couples undergoing assisted reproduction treatment. Human Reproduction 2017;32:i290.
Khatiwada 2020 {published data only}
    1. Khatiwada A, Wolf BJ, Mulligan JK, Shary JR, Hewison M, Baatz JE, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on circulating concentrations of growth factors and immune-mediators in healthy women during pregnancy. Pediatric Research 2020;89(3):554-62. [CENTRAL: CN-02131724] 13575712 [EMBASE: 2005037282] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. O'Callaghan K, Hennessy A, Dowling KG, Hull G, Kenny LC, Cashman KD, et al. Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in pregnancy: a dose-response, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71(Suppl 2):624.
    1. O'Callaghan K, Hennessy A, Kiely M, Kenny LC. Habitual calcium and vitamin D intakes in pregnant Irish women; preliminary data from the DMAT randomised controlled trial. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2016;75(OCE3):E191.
    1. O'Callaghan KM, Hennessy A, Hull GL, Healy K, Ritz C, Kenny LC, et al. Estimation of the maternal vitamin D intake that maintains circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in late gestation at a concentration sufficient to keep umbilical cord sera >/=25-30 nmol/L: a dose-response, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in pregnant women at northern latitude. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018;108(1):77-91. - PMC - PubMed
Lalooha 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lalooha F. The effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on newborn's anthropometric index. en.irct.ir/trial/10079IRCT (first received 16 August 2012).
Li 2016 {published data only}
    1. Li Q, Xing B. Vitamin D3-supplemented yogurt drink improves insulin resistance and lipid profiles in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized double blinded clinical trial. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2016;68(4):285-90. - PubMed
Lindqvist 2010 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2010-019483-37-SE. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of placenta mediated pregnancy complications. Prevention of pregnancy complications with vitamin D. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2010-019483-37-SE (first received 2010). [CENTRAL: CN-01813254] 10713192
    1. Lindqvist P. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of placenta mediated pregnancy complications. Prevention of pregnancy complications with vitamin D. https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_nu... (first received 4 June 2010).
MacDonald 1986 {published data only}
    1. MacDonald HN. Fetal and maternal benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation of pregnant Asians. Personal communication 1986.
March 2010 {published data only}
    1. Anon. Erratum for March et al. Maternal vitamin D3 supplementation at 50 μg/d protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at 8 wk of age: a randomised controlled trial of 3 doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:402–10. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;104(5):1491. - PubMed
    1. Chen NN, March K, Innis SM, Shand A, Dadelszen P, Lyon P, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on maternal and infant 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration. FASEB Journal 2013;27(Suppl 1).
    1. March K. Vitamin D dose-response study throughout pregnancy and lactation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01112891 (first received 29 April 2010).
    1. March KM, Chen NN, Karakochuk CD, Shand AW, Innis SM, Dadelszen P, et al. Maternal vitamin D3 supplementation at 50 ug/d protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at 8 wk of age: a randomized controlled trial of 3 doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;102(2):402-10. - PubMed
Marya 1981 {published data only}
    1. Marya RK, Rathee S, Lata V, Mudgil S. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1981;12:155-61. - PubMed
McLean 2012 {published data only}
    1. McLean M. Effect of high-dose versus low-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy on maternal glucose metabolism and the risk of gestational diabetes. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=308236 (first received 30 October 2012).
Mirzaei‐Azandaryani 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mirzaei-Azandaryani Z, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Shaseb E, Abbasalizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M. Effects of vitamin D on insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose in pregnant women with insufficient or deficient vitamin D: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2022;22(1):254. [CENTRAL: CN-02486763] 21970654 [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Moghaddam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moghaddam MJ. The effect of 50000 IU Vitamin D supplement administered two weekly on gestational diabetes melitus [The effect of 50000 IU Vitamin D supplement administered two weekly on neonatal and pregnant women outcome]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201107237097N1 (first received 2012). [CENTRAL: CN-01881754] 10781501
Mojibian 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mojibian M, Soheilykhah S, Fallah Zadeh MA, Jannati Moghadam M. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and neonatal outcome: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2015;13(11):687-96. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mojibian M. The effect of 50000 IU Vitamin D supplement administered two weekly on neonatal and pregnant women outcome. en.irct.ir/trial/7525 (first received 27 February 2012). [IRCT201107237097N1]
Mosalanejad 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mosalanejad N, IRCT2016121430612N2. Compare the effect of vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women. en.search.irct.ir/view/34642 (first received 26 December 2016).
Mozzafari 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hosseinzadeh-Shamsi-Anar M, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Salami MA, Hadinedoushan H, Mozayan MR. The efficacy and safety of a high dose of vitamin d in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;37(3):159-65. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mozaffari H. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose status, lipid profiles and inflammatory factors in mothers with a history of gestational diabetes. en.irct.ir/trial/3967 (first received 21 May 2010).
    1. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Hosseinzadeh-Shamsi-Anar M, Salami MA, Hadinedoushan H, Mozayan MR. Effects of a single post-partum injection of a high dose of vitamin D on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in mothers with first-time gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 2012;29(1):36-42. - PubMed
Mutlu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mutlu GY, Ozsu E, Kalaca S, Yuksel A, Cizmecioglu FM, Hatun S. The evaluation of vitamin D supplementation dose during pregnancy in a high-risk population. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2013;80(Suppl 1):92. - PubMed
    1. Mutlu GY, Ozsu E, Kalaca S, Yuksel A, Pehlevan Y, Cizmecioglu F, et al. Evaluation of vitamin D supplementation doses during pregnancy in a population at high risk for deficiency. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2014;81(6):402-8. - PubMed
Nausheen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nausheen S. Assessment of dose effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02215213 (first received 13 August 2014).
NCT02272387 (first received 2014) {published data only}
    1. NCT02272387. Is vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency associated with antepartum and postpartum depression? http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02272387 (first received 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01549667] 4738441
NCT02706158 (first received 2016 March 11) {published data only}
    1. NCT02706158. Dietary intervention program for pre-eclampsia in women at risk [Testing the effect of a dietary intervention program on the incidence of pre-eclampsia in women at risk]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02706158 (first received 2016 March 11). [CENTRAL: CN-01556455] 8307726
NCT02713009 (first received 2016 Jan 14) {published data only}
    1. NCT02713009. Impact of maternal body weight on vitamin D status during pregnancy [Investigation of the impact of maternal body weight on vitamin D status during pregnancy: a randomised supplementation study]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02713009 (first received 14 January 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01556667] 8307923
NCT03645109 (first received 2018 Aug 24) {published data only}
    1. NCT03645109. Effect of supplementation of vitamin D in gestational diabetes mellitus [Effect of suplementation of 5,000 UI vitamin D3 on the glycemic profile in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus of the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03645109 (first received 24 August 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01626434] 9158400
NCT04825093 (first received 2021 April 01) {published data only}
    1. NCT04825093. Vitamin D supplementarion in pregnant women at risk and COVID-19 [Randomized clinical trial with vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women and prevalence of COVID-19]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04825093 (first received 1 April 2021). [CENTRAL: CN-02252261] 17132564
Niramitmahapanya 2017 {published data only}
    1. Niramitmahapanya S, Kaoiean S, Sangtawesin V, Bordeerat NK, Deerochanawong C. Correlation of 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels in serum vs breastmilk in vitamin d-supplementation breastfeeding women during lactation: randomized double blinded control trial. Endocrine Reviews 2017;38(3). - PubMed
Pandey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pandey U, Divakar H. Role of vitamin D in iron metabolism, a pilot study. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;4(5):1494-8.
Qian 2015 {published data only}
    1. Qian L, Wang H, Wu F, Li M, Chen W, Lv L. Vitamin D3 alters toll-like receptor 4 signaling in monocytes of pregnant women at risk for preeclampsia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2015;8(10):18041-9. - PMC - PubMed
Rasmussen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mosekilde L, Sikjaer T, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Uldbjerg N, Langdahl B, et al. Effects of high dose vitamin D supplementation on bone metabolism in pregnant women with hypovitaminosis D - a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2015;30(Suppl 1). [CENTRAL: CN-01461769] 7882221 [EMBASE: 620769342]
    1. Rasmussen G. Additional information on registered trial. Effects of vitamin D supplement before, during and after pregnancy on complications, birth weight and bone mineral density during lactation (gravita). Personal communication 2011.
    1. Rasmussen GB. Effects of vitamin D supplement before and during pregnancy on birth weight (gravita). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01038453 (first received 24 December 2009).
Razavi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Razavi M, Jamilian M, Samimi M, Afshar Ebrahimi F, Taghizadeh M, Bekhradi R, et al. The effects of vitamin d and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes. Nutrition & Metabolism 2017;14:80. - PMC - PubMed
Rostami 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rostami M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Simbar M, Bidhendi Yarandi R, Minooee S, Hollis BW, et al. Effectiveness of prenatal vitamin D deficiency screening and treatment program: a stratified randomized field trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2018;103(8):2936–48. - PubMed
    1. Rostami M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Simbar M, Hosseinpanah F, Alavi Majd H. Rationale and design of Khuzestan vitamin D deficiency screening program in pregnancy: a stratified randomized vitamin D supplementation controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2017;6(4):e54. - PMC - PubMed
Rostami 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190618043927N1. Effect of vitamin D in pregnant women [The effect of vitamin D in third trimester of pregnancy on some maternal metabolic and neonatal anthropometric index in nulliparous pregnant woman]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190618043927N1 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01975388] 12077468
    1. Rostami F, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Ghasemi N, Hantoushzadeh S. Treatment of vitamin d deficiency with high-dose vitamin d supplementation and its effect on hematological indices in pregnancy: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Koomesh 2020;22(4):664-70. [CENTRAL: CN-02204268] 14984531 [EMBASE: 2005213588]
Shakiba 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shakiba M, Iranmanesh MR. Vitamin D requirement in pregnancy to prevent deficiency in neonates: a randomised trial. Singapore Medical Journal 2013;54(5):285-8. - PubMed
Shi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Shi DD, Wang Y, Guo JJ, Zhou L, Wang N. Vitamin d enhances efficacy of oral nifedipine in treating preeclampsia with severe features: a double blinded, placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017;8:865. - PMC - PubMed
Simsek 2011 {published data only}
    1. Simsek S. Vitamin D supplementation in gestational diabetes mellitus. trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3158 (first received 21 November 2011).
Singh 2021 {published data only}
    1. Singh S, Garg R, Meena A, Kumar D. Perinatal outcome in vitamin d deficiency and effect of oral and intramuscular vitamin D3 supplementation in antenatal women on pregnancy outcomes. Journal of SAFOG 2021;13(3):86-9. [CENTRAL: CN-02325274] 19039129 [EMBASE: 2013582765]
SLCTR/2018/020 (first received 2018) {published data only}
    1. SLCTR/2018/020. A randomized controlled clinical trial to compare the efficacy of vitamin D vs placebo to reduce high blood sugar during pregnancy [A randomized control trial comparing vitamin D supplementation versus placebo on glycemic control in gestational diabetes mellitus]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=SLCTR/2018/020 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01907327] 10807012
Soheilykhah 2013 {published data only}
    1. Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Moghadam MJ, Shojaoddiny-Ardekani A. The effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance during pregnancy. Gynecological Endocrinology 2013;29(4):396-9. - PubMed
    1. Soheilykhah S. Effect of different doses of vitamin D on insulin resistance in pregnant women attending in Shahid Sadoughi and Mojibian prenatal clinics. en.irct.ir/trial/3385 (first received 23 May 2011). [IRCT138811203312N1]
Stephensen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stephensen CB. Effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on clinical outcomes and immune function. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01417351 (first received August 2011).
    1. Zerofsky M, Jacoby B, Pedersen TL, Stephensen CB. Effects of a randomized, controlled trial of daily vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on regulatory immunity and inflammation. FASEB Journal 2016;30(Suppl 1):296.7. - PubMed
    1. Zerofsky M, Jacoby B, Stephensen C. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: Effects on vitamin D status and clinical outcomes. FASEB Journal 2014;28(1 Suppl 1):Abstract no. 1041.5.
    1. Zerofsky MS, Jacoby BN, Pedersen TL, Stephensen CB. Daily cholecalciferol supplementation during pregnancy alters markers of regulatory immunity, inflammation, and clinical outcomes in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition 2016;146(11):2388-97. - PubMed
Sudfeld 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02305927. Trial of vitamin D in HIV progression, birth outcomes, and child health. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02305927 (first received 29 October 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-02046217] 12584687
    1. Sudfeld CR, Manji KP, Duggan CP, Aboud S, Muhihi A, Sando DM, et al. Effect of maternal vitamin d3 supplementation on maternal health, birth outcomes, and infant growth among HIV-infected Tanzanian pregnant women: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):411. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sudfeld CR, Manji KP, Muhihi A, Duggan CP, Aboud S, Alwy Al-Beity FM, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation for women living with HIV in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. PLOS Medicine 2022;19(4):e1003973. [CENTRAL: CN-02395014] 20756988 [EMBASE: 637787204] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Taheri 2014 {published data only}
    1. Taheri M, Baheiraei A, Rahimi A, Modarres M. Resolving vitamin D deficiency in the preconception period among high-risk reproductive women: a randomized controlled trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2014;16(1):e11175. - PMC - PubMed
Thiele 2014 {published data only}
    1. Anderson CM, Thiele DK, Ralph JL, Perley D, OHM JE. Vitamin D supplementation and DNA methylation patterns during pregnancy in and lactation in mothers and infants. FASEB Journal 2016;30(Suppl 1):Abstract no: 1028.3.
    1. Keesling Thiele D. The Impact of Continuous Prenatal and Early Postpartum Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on The Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfed Infants [Thesis]. University of North Dakota, 2013.
    1. Thiele D, Anderson CM. CS_018. Maternal vitamin D supplementation increases infant vitamin D status at birth but the impact diminishes during breastfeeding. In: 17th Conference of the International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation (ISRHML); 2014 Oct 23-27; Kiawah Island, South Carolina, USA. 2014:122.
    1. Thiele DK, Ralph J, El-Masri M, Anderson CM. Vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation improves vitamin D status of the mother-infant dyad. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing: JOGNN 2017;46:135-47. - PubMed
Trivedi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Trivedi M, Faridi MMA, Aggarwal A, Madhu SV, Malhotra RK. Oral vitamin D supplementation to mothers during lactation - effect of 25(OH)D concentration on exclusively breastfed infants at 6 months of age: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Breastfeeding Medicine 2020;15(4):237-45. [CENTRAL: CN-02101804] 13649734 [EMBASE: 631505813] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Valizadeh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Valizadeh M, Piri Z, Mohammadian F, Kamali K, Amir Moghadami HR. The impact of vitamin D supplementation on post-partum glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2016;14(2):e34312. - PMC - PubMed
von Hurst 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;103(4):549-55. - PubMed
    1. Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Matthys C, Conlon C, Kruger MC, Coad J. Study protocol--metabolic syndrome, vitamin D and bone status in South Asian women living in Auckland, New Zealand: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind vitamin D intervention. BMC Public Health 2008;8:267. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hurst PR. The Role of Vitamin D in Metabolism and Bone Health. A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nutritional Science. Vol. 1. Albany: Massey University, 2009.
Wagner 2006 {published data only}
    1. Appelgren KE, Nietert PJ, Hulsey TC, Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Analyzing adherence to prenatal supplement: does pill count measure up? International Journal of Endocrinology 2010;2010:1-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2011;26(10):2341-57. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wagner CL, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Shary J, Smith PG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy part 2 NICHD/CTSA randomized clinical trial (RCT): outcomes. In: Pediatric Academic Societies' 2010 Annual Meeting; 2010 May 1-4; Vancouver, Canada. 2010.
    1. Wagner CL, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Shary J, Smith PG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy Part I NICHD/CTSA randomized clinical trial (RCT): safety consideration. In: Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2010 May 1-4; Vancouver, Canada. 2010.
    1. Wagner CL, McNeil R, Hamilton SA, Davis DJ, Prudgen C, Winkler J, et al. Vitamin D (vitD) supplementation during pregnancy: Thrasher Research Fund RCT in SC community center networks. In: Pediatric Academic Societies 2010 Annual Meeting; 2010 May 1-4; Vancouver, Canada. 2010.
Wagner 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moore RS, Mulligan JK, Harmon H, Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Immune mediators and vitamin D status in the development of comorbidities of pregnancy. In: Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2016 April 30-May 3; Baltimore, USA. 2016:4109.85.
    1. Schulz EV, Wagner CL, Cruze L, Wei W, Gehris J. Maternal vitamin d sufficiency and reduced placental gene expression in angiogenic biomarkers related to comorbidities of pregnancy. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2017;173:273-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wagner CL. Preventing health disparities during pregnancy through vitamin D supplementation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01932788 (first received 30 August 2013).
Wagner 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Shary JR, Asghari G, Howard CR, et al. Safety aspects of a randomized clinical trial of maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation by feeding type through 7 months postpartum. Breastfeeding Medicine 2020;15(12):765-75. [CENTRAL: CN-02176071] 14780713 [EMBASE: 632846646] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Weiss 2009 {published data only}
    1. Al-Garawi A, Carey VJ, Chhabra D, Mirzakhani H, Morrow J, Lasky-Su J, et al. The role of vitamin D in the transcriptional program of human pregnancy. PLOS One 2016;11(10):e0163832. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Al-Garawi A, Carey VJ, Chhabra D, Morrow J, Lasky-Su J, Koh A, et al. Differentially expressed genes during the course of pregnancy and their correlation with maternal vitamin D levels. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2015;191:A5994.
    1. Al-Garawi A, Carey VJ, Qiu W, Mirzakhani H, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST. Cord blood vitamin D levels and gene expression profiles at birth are associated with wheezing in the first year of life: results from the vitamin D antenatal asthma reduction trial (VDAART). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2016;193:A3168.
    1. Bhaskaran K, Smeeth L, Evans S. Prenatal vitamin D and offspring wheezing. JAMA 2016;315(24):2730. - PubMed
    1. Blighe K, Chawes BL, Kelly RS, Mirzakhani H, McGeachie M, Litonjua AA, et al. Vitamin D prenatal programming of childhood metabolomics profiles at age 3 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017;106(4):1092-9. - PMC - PubMed
Wheeler 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wheeler BJ, Taylor BJ, Herbison P, Haszard JJ, Mikhail A, Jones S, et al. Effect of high dose monthly maternal cholecalciferol supplementation during breastfeeding on infant and maternal vitamin d status at 5 months post-partum: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2017;2017(Suppl 1). [CENTRAL: CN-01461912] 8013461 [EMBASE: 620749158]
Xiaomang 2021 {published data only}
    1. Xiaomang J, Yanling W. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on high risk factors - a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2021;49(4):480-4. [CENTRAL: CN-02347558] 19500816 [EMBASE: 2010575929] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yap 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yap C, Cheung NW, Gunton JE, Athayde N, Munns CF, Duke A, et al. Erratum. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes care 2014;37:1837-1844. Diabetes Care 2015;38(10):1992. - PubMed
    1. Yap C, Cheung NW, Gunton JE, Athayde N, Munns CF, Duke A, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and the effects on glucose metabolism during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014;37(7):1837-44. - PubMed
Yazdchi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yazdchi R, Gargari BP, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Sahhaf F. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic indices and hs-CRP levels in gestational diabetes mellitus patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrition Research and Practice 2016;10(3):328-35. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Q, Cheng Y, He M, Li T, Ma Z, Cheng H. Effect of various doses of vitamin D supplementation on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2016;12(3):1889-95. - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zhao Y, Teng Y, Wang J, Yang Z, Dong S, Hu J, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in early pregnancy on high-risk groups of gestational diabetes mellitus. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu [Journal of Hygiene Research] 2019;48(2):226-31. [CENTRAL: CN-01981777] 12083238 [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Asemi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Asemi Z, Tabassi Z, Heidarzadeh Z, Khorammian H, Sabihi SS, Samimi M. Effect of calcium-vitamin D supplementation on metabolic profiles in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2012;15(7):316-24. - PubMed
Basutkar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Basutkar RS, Eipe T, Wilfred P, Sam KK, Varghese RC, Ponnusankar S, et al. Effect of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 in iron and 25 hydroxyvitamin d deficient pregnant women: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy 2020;39(2):318-30. [CENTRAL: CN-02096616] 13304914 [EMBASE: 2004051607]
Brooke 1980 {published data only}
    1. Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carter ND, Cleeve HJ, Maxwell JD, et al. Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth. British Medical Journal 1980;1:751-4. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brooke OG, Butters F, Wood C. Intrauterine vitamin D nutrition and postnatal growth in Asian infants. British Medical Journal 1981;283:1024. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brown IR, Brooke OG, Cleeve HJ. Changes in mineral metabolism in the human foetus and newborns associated with maternal vitamin d supplements [proceedings]. Biochemical Society Transactions 1980;8(1):136-7. - PubMed
    1. Maxwell JD, Ang L, Brooke OG, Brown IR. Vitamin D supplements enhance weight gain and nutritional status in pregnant Asians. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1981;88:987-91. - PubMed
Chen 2022 {published data only}
    1. Chen Z, Chen J. The efficacy of calcium carbonate-vitamin D3 in pregnant women for the prevention of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM 2022;2022:7971976. [CENTRAL: CN-02463131] 21608739 [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
ChiCTR1900024080 (first received 2019) {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900024080. Effect on pregnancy outcomes of vitamin D nutritional status during perinatal period. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900024080 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-02434785] 21378424
ChiCTR‐IOQ‐16009309 (first received 2016) {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOQ-16009309. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on B.P, proteinuria and aldosterone to renin ratio in preecalmpsia [Effect of vitamin D supplementation on B.P, protein uria and ARR]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IOQ-16009309 (first received 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01856705] 10756516
CTRI/2015/07/006039 (first received 2015) {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2015/07/006039. Does vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy improves maternal and neonatal outcome? [The effect of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcome: a double blind randomised controlled trial]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2015/07/006039 (first received 2015). [CENTRAL: CN-01830636] 10730538
CTRI/2017/12/010850 (first received 2017) {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/12/010850. Effect of oral vitamin D to pregnant mothers on vitamin D levels of their children at 6 months of age [Effect of oral vitamin D supplementation to pregnant mothers on vitamin D status of their exclusively breastfed infants at 6 months of age- a randomised triple blind placebo controlled trial]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/12/010850 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01897281] 10796987
Dabbaghmanesh 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dabbaghmanesh MH, Vaziri F, Najib F, Nasiri S, Pourahmad S. The effect of vitamin D consumption during pregnancy on maternal thyroid function and depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 2019;14(2):e65328. [CENTRAL: CN-01958894] 11927469 [EMBASE: 628246206]
    1. IRCT201508091312N2. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on thyroid function tests in pregnant women. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201508091312N2 (first received 2015). [CENTRAL: CN-01835527] 10735418
Delvin 1986 {published data only}
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    1. IRCT20140317017034N6. Effect of vitamin D in pregnant women [The effect of vitamin D supplementation on fetal antropometric parameters in pregnant ladies]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20140317017034N6 (first received 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01904645] 10804343
Jelsma 2013 {published data only}ISRCTN70595832
    1. Corcoy R, Mendoza LC, Simmons D, Desoye G, Adelantado JM, Chico A, et al. The DALI vitamin D randomized controlled trial for gestational diabetes mellitus prevention: no major benefit shown besides vitamin D sufficiency. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2020;39(3):976-84. [CENTRAL: CN-01937611] 11481172 [EMBASE: 2001891407] [PMID: ] - PubMed
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Kaur 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kaur J, Marya RK, Rathee S, lal H, Singh GP. Effect of pharmacological doses of vitamin D during pregnancy on placental protein status and birth weight. Nutrition Research 1991;11(9):1077-81.
Klar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Klar M, Levi CS, Rozen GS, Solt I. 744: Dietary intervention program for women at risk for preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020;222(1):S470-1. [CENTRAL: CN-02129229] 13932209 [EMBASE: 2004455836]
Li 2000a {published data only}
    1. Li X, Gou W. Study on prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension and effect of platelet intracellular free ca˜(2+) by calcium supplementation [补钙预防妊高征及对血小板细胞内游离钙浓度的影响]. Journal of Xi'an Medical University 2000;21(1):46-8.
Mallet 1986 {published data only}
    1. Mallet E, Gugi B, Brunelle P, Henocq A, Basuyau JP, Lemeur H. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a controlled trial of two methods. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1986;68:300-4. - PubMed
Marya 1987 {published data only}
    1. Marya RK, Rathee S, Manrow M. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on toxaemia of pregnancy. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1987;24(1):38-42. - PubMed
Marya 1988 {published data only}
    1. Marya RK, Rathee S, Dua V, Sangwan K. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on foetal growth. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1988;88:488-92. - PubMed
Mazurkevich 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mazurkevich M, Doronin G, Firsova T. State of placental complex during physiological pregnancy during correction of mineral insufficiency. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):Abstract no: 1213.
Mirghafourvand 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mansouri A, Mirghafourvand M, Charandabi SM, Najafi M. The effect of vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D on leg cramps in pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2017;22(1):24. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mirghafourvand M, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mansouri A, Najafi M, Khodabande F. The effect of vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D on sleep quality in pregnant women with leg cramps: a controlled randomized clinical trial. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2015;32(320):2444-53.
    1. Mirghafourvand M. The effect of vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D for leg cramps in pregnant women: a randomised controlled trial. en.irct.ir/trial/10789 (first received 4 May 2013). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M, Mansouri A, Najafi M, Khodabande F. The effect of vitamin D and calcium plus vitamin D during pregnancy on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Caring Science 2015;4(1):35-44. - PMC - PubMed
Naghshineh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Naghshineh E, Sheikhaliyan S. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in the reduce risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Advanced Biomedical Research 2016;5:7. [CENTRAL: CN-02129988] 11534554 [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Naghshineh E, Sheikhaliyan S. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in the reduce risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Advanced Biomedical Research 2016;5:7. - PMC - PubMed
NCT03743922 (first received 2018 Nov 16) {published data only}
    1. NCT03743922. The effects of vitamin D2 supplement during pregnancy [The effects of vitamin D2 supplement during pregnancy on postpartum maternal and fetal vitamin D levels: the randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03743922 (first received 16 November 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01918396] 10848151
NCT04591847 (first received 2020 Oct 19) {published data only}
    1. NCT04591847. Pregnancy outcome and vitamin D level among vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy [Pregnancy outcomes and vitamin D level among vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04591847 (first received 19 October 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02182222] 14787863
Persad 2019 {published data only}
    1. Persad MD, Staszewski C, Khan F, Adeyeye A, Day M, Ly V, et al. 143 Does vitamin D prophylaxis prevent adverse neonatal outcomes? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021;224(2):S98. [CENTRAL: CN-02247453] 16928887 [EMBASE: 2010867692]
    1. Persad MD, Staszewski C, Khan F, Adeyeye A, Franz B, Ly V, et al. Does antepartum vitamin D3 supplementation prevent gestational diabetes mellitus? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021;224(2):S152. [CENTRAL: CN-02271217] 17632595 [EMBASE: 2010868187]
    1. Persad MD, Staszewski C, Khan F, Adeyeye AF, Franz B, Ly V, et al. 31 Does vitamin D prophylaxis decrease the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy? In: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol. 224. Netherlands: Mosby Inc, 2021:S22-3. [CENTRAL: CN-02247454] 16928888 [EMBASE: 2010867922]
    1. Persad MD, Staszewski CL, Khan F, Chiu F, Perseleni T, Demishev M, et al. 562: Does antepartum vitamin D3 supplementation prevent preterm birth? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019;220(1):S374-5. [CENTRAL: CN-01925583] 10847421 [EMBASE: 2001405292]
    1. Persad Malini D, Franz B, Persad S, Staszewski C. 670: Does pre-pregnancy body mass index affect maternal and neonatal vitamin D levels? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020;222(1):S426-7. [CENTRAL: CN-02073445] 12834346 [EMBASE: 2004455539]
Sabet 2012 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201104306335N1. Effects of monthly consumption of 100000 unit cholecalciferol during last third trimester of pregnancy on plasma iPTH and 25 (OH) D3 of the mother and cord blood [Determination of the effects of monthly consumption of 100000 unit cholecalciferol during third trimester on plasma iPTH and 25 (OH) D3 of the mother and offspring in a group of pregnant Tehranian women and a matched control group]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201104306335N1 (first received 2011). [CENTRAL: CN-01802354] 10702307
    1. Sabet Z, Ghazi AA, Tohidi M, Oladi B. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant Iranian women: effects on maternal and neonatal vitamin D and parathyroid hormone status. Acta Endocrinologica 2012;8(1):59-66.
Samimi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Samimi M, IRCT201102135444N3. Effects of calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation on pre-eclampsia parameters, metabolic status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia. en.search.irct.ir/view/5288 (first received 31 January 2015).
    1. Samimi M, Kashi M, Foroozanfard F, Karamali M, Bahmani F, Asemi Z, et al. The effects of vitamin D plus calcium supplementation on metabolic profiles, biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;29(4):505-16. - PubMed
Samimi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Samimi M, Foroozanfard F, Amini F, Sehat M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Global Journal of Health Science 2017;9(3):95.
Sasan 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017010131695N1. The effect of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of recurrence of preeclampsia in pregnant women with a history of preeclampsia. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017010131695N1 (first received 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01857837] 10757646
    1. Sasan SB, Zandvakili F, Soufizadeh N, Baybordi E. The effects of vitamin d supplement on prevention of recurrence of preeclampsia in pregnant women with a history of preeclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2017;2017:8249264. - PMC - PubMed
Shahgheibi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shahgheibi S, Farhadifar F, Pouya B. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on gestational diabetes in high-risk women: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2016;21(1):2. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Singh J, Hariharan C, Bhaumik D. Role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of preterm labour. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;1:86-93.
Sircar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sircar S. Role of vitamin D supplementation in preventing development of gestational diabetes mellitus. BJOG 2021;128(Suppl 2):90. [CENTRAL: CN-02285021] 18221131 [EMBASE: 635301955]
Taherian 2002 {published data only}
    1. Taherian AA, Taherian A, Shirmani A. Prevention of preeclampsia with low-dose aspirin or calcium supplementation. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2002;5(3):151-6.
Tehrani 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201309277513N4. Comparison of effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in decreasing the development of the gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201309277513N4 (first received 2012). 6731550
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    1. IRCT2015040910327N13. Effects of vitamin D supplement during pregnancy on umbilical cord vitamin D, bone mineral density and anthropometric measurements from birth to two months later. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015040910327N13 (first received 2015). [CENTRAL: CN-01866730] 10766515
    1. Vaziri F, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Samsami A, Nasiri S, Shirazi PT. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on infant anthropometric measurements and bone mass of mother-infant pairs: a randomized placebo clinical trial. Early Human Development 2016;103:61-8. - PubMed
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References to ongoing studies

Baird 2016 {published data only}ISRCTN07227232
    1. Baird J, Barker M, Harvey NC, Lawrence W, Vogel C, Jarman M, et al. Southampton PRegnancy Intervention for the Next Generation (SPRING): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2016;17(1):493. - PMC - PubMed
    1. EUCTR2013-002854-66-GB. SPRING – Southampton PRegnancy Intervention for the Next Generation Randomised controlled trial of an intervention to improve diet and body composition of pregnant women and their offspring [Southampton Pregnancy Intervention for the Next Generation - a randomised controlled trial of vitamin D and nurse support in improving the diet and body composition of young women and their children. - SPRING Southampton Pregnancy Intervention for the Next Generation]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2013-002854-66-GB (first received 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01876453] 10776211
ChiCTR2000032488 (first received 2020) {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000032488. A multicenter randomized controlled study of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women for the prevention of gestational diabetes. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2000032488 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02166077] 14772298
IRCT20190814044529N1 (first received 2020) {published data only}
    1. IRCT20110807007244N3. Effect of vitamin D intake on maternal of delivery on retinopathy of prematurity in infants. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20110807007244N3 2020. [CENTRAL: CN-02169978] 14775939
    1. IRCT20110807007244N4. The effect of vitamin D intake of mother in labor on the prognosis of premature children [The effect of vitamin D intake in mothers with preterm labor on prognosis of children at two years of age]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20110807007244N4 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02169979] 14775940
    1. IRCT20110807007244N5. The effect of vitamin D administration during labor on the incidence of transient rapid breathing of the newborn [The effect of vitamin D administration during labor on the incidence of transient tachypnea of the newborn]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20110807007244N5 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02238090] 16904939
    1. IRCT20110807007244N7. The effect of vitamin D intake in the mother during childbirth on the incidence of respiratory problems in infants. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20110807007244N7 (first received 2021). [CENTRAL: CN-02238088] 16904937
    1. IRCT20190814044529N1. Effect of vitamin D on neonatal respiratory distress [Comparison of the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates of mothers receiving vitamin D with those who do not receive]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190814044529N1 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02170909] 14776834
ISRCTN46539495 (first received 2020) {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN46539495. Prevention of pre-eclampsia through vitamin D supplementation: a single-blinded randomized clinical trial without placebo [Pre-eclampsia in Kivu: vitamin D levels and impacts of vitamin D supplementation on obstetric-neonatal outcomes in primigravida]. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN46539495 (first received 2020). [CENTRAL: CN-02237407] 16904256
ISRCTN87262826 (first received 2022) {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN87262826. Differences between sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure of pregnant women and size of newborn babies [Differences in the effect of sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure of pregnant women and anthropometric status of newborn babies]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN87262826 (first received 2022). [CENTRAL: CN-02378876] 20427680
NCT05208827 (first received 2022) {published data only}
    1. NCT05208827. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of GDM [A multicenter randomized controlled study of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women for the prevention of gestational diabetes]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05208827 (first received 2022). [CENTRAL: CN-02361713] 19872527
NCT05329428 (first received 2022) {published data only}
    1. NCT05329428. PREDIN: pregnancy and vitamin D intervention study [PREDIN: pregnancy and vitamin D intervention study - a randomized controlled trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05329428 (first received 2022). [CENTRAL: CN-02392571] 20682618

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