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. 2024 Sep 1;31(Pt 5):1029-1036.
doi: 10.1107/S1600577524006015. Epub 2024 Jul 30.

Diamond sensors for hard X-ray energy and position resolving measurements at the European XFEL

Tuba Çonka Yıldız  1 , Wolfgang Freund  1 , Jia Liu  1 , Matthias Schreck  2 , Dmitry Khakhulin  1 , Hazem Yousef  1 , Christopher Milne  1 , Jan Grünert  1
Affiliations

Diamond sensors for hard X-ray energy and position resolving measurements at the European XFEL

Tuba Çonka Yıldız et al. J Synchrotron Radiat. .

Abstract

The diagnostics of X-ray beam properties has a critical importance at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser facility. Besides existing diagnostic components, utilization of a diamond sensor was proposed to achieve radiation-hard, non-invasive beam position and pulse energy measurements for hard X-rays. In particular, with very hard X-rays, diamond-based sensors become a useful complement to gas-based devices which lose sensitivity due to significantly reduced gas cross-sections. The measurements presented in this work were performed with diamond sensors consisting of an electronic-grade single-crystal chemical-vapor-deposition diamond with position-sensitive resistive electrodes in a duo-lateral configuration. The results show that the diamond sensor delivers pulse-resolved X-ray beam position data at 2.25 MHz with an uncertainty of less than 1% of the beam size. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of pulse-resolved position measurements at the MHz rate using a transmissive diamond sensor at a free-electron laser facility. It can therefore be a valuable tool for X-ray free-electron lasers, especially for high-repetition-rate machines, enabling applications such as beam-based alignment and intra-pulse-train position feedback.

Keywords: X-ray free-electron lasers; diamond detector; diamond sensor; electronic-grade diamond; photon diagnostics; pulse resolved; scCVD diamond.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Exploded sketch of the structure of the diamond sensor. The all-carbon electrode is either a DLC layer or a graphitic layer formed by ion implantation and annealing.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The working principle and the detailed structure of the duo-lateral diamond sensor.
Figure 3
Figure 3
One of the diamond sensors mounted on a custom-designed ceramic carrier board in a metal housing.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Right: diamond detector assembly mounted on an XY-manipulator (here the in-vacuum parts are shown). Left: placement in the SASE2 beamline tunnel XTD1.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Pulse-resolved position measurement performed with a diamond sensor (ten green dots for ten pulses) at an energy of 7 keV. The red dot is a measurement performed with an FEL imager.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The top plot is the beam position correlation in 2D (IMG-FEL), the bottom plot is the beam energy correlation (XGM). Data were taken with the DLC-coated detector at 27 keV photon energy.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Upstream optics branch of FXE with its various diagnostics and beam shaping components.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Two different views of the setup at the FXE Hutch to test the new diamond detectors. The X-ray beam propagates to both detectors through the He path exit apperture (round KF flange).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Beam position measured by the DDK detector and BIU (upper plot) and the ALMAX detector and BIU2 (lower plot) in the x-direction while the X-ray beam pointing was intentionally randomly varied in the horizontal direction by means of the X-ray mirror angular actuator.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Beam position measured simultaneously in the x- and y-directions by the ALMAX detector and BIU2 for a focused beam. The histograms on the right show the respective deviation in beam positions determined by BIU2 and ALMAX.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Pulse energy measured by XGM (absolutely calibrated in microjoules) versus DDK detector in ADC counts.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Pulse energy measured by XGM (absolutely calibrated in microjoules) versus DDK detector in ADC counts, averaged over the first ten pulses per train.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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