Is there a relationship between hyperchloremia status and the risk of developing acute kidney injury in pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with profound hypovolemia and reduced renal perfusion. Results regarding hyperchloremia-associated AKI in patients with DKA are conflicting; we therefore investigated the potential relationship between hyperchloremia status and the risk of developing AKI. This single-center cohort study included 113 newly diagnosed T1DM patients with DKA admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Laboratory parameters, including Na, K, urea, creatinine, and chloride levels, were retrospectively reviewed at the time of presentation and at 12, 24 and 36 h. AKI was defined using the eGFR according to the pediatric RIFLE classification criteria. Twenty-two (19.5%) of the 113 patients were in the AKI group. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant (P values ≤ 0.01) time interaction effects within the groups based on the eGFR and the serum chloride, hyperchloremia, and phosphate levels. Serum chloride levels did not differ between the groups during the first 12 h (p > 0.05) but were significantly greater in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group at 24 h and 36 h (p < 0.01). The final DKA resolution time was significantly greater in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group [22.2 (9.5) vs. 17.0 (12.0) h, respectively; p = 0.03]. However, the groups had similar lengths of hospital stay [13.0 (8.0) days vs. 12.0 (4.0) days, respectively; p = 0.17].Conclusions: Hyperchloremia may be iatrogenic rather than causative during treatment. This may worsen renal failure and prolong the recovery and treatment time for DKA patients. What is Known? • Acute kidney injury resulting from severe volume depletion is a common occurrence in diabetic ketoacidosis and typically requires significant volume replacement therapy. • In recent years, hyperchloremia has been associated with increased risks of AKI, morbidity, and mortality in some conditions, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. What is New? • The incidence of hyperchloremia increases over time during the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. • Hyperchloremia may be an iatrogenic element rather than a cause of acute kidney injury during the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperchloremia; Intensive care units; Pediatric.