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. 2024 Jul 30;14(1):17481.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67310-4.

Co-administration of xylo-oligosaccharides produced by immobilized Aspergillus terreus xylanase with carbimazole to mitigate its adverse effects on the adrenal gland

Shaimaa A Nour  1 , Doaa S Foda  2 , Islam A Elsehemy  1 , Mohamed E Hassan  3   4
Affiliations

Co-administration of xylo-oligosaccharides produced by immobilized Aspergillus terreus xylanase with carbimazole to mitigate its adverse effects on the adrenal gland

Shaimaa A Nour et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Carbimazole has disadvantages on different body organs, especially the thyroid gland and, rarely, the adrenal glands. Most studies have not suggested any solution or medication for ameliorating the noxious effects of drugs on the glands. Our study focused on the production of xylooligosaccharide (XOS), which, when coadministered with carbimazole, relieves the toxic effects of the drug on the adrenal glands. In addition to accelerating the regeneration of adrenal gland cells, XOS significantly decreases the oxidative stress caused by obesity. This XOS produced by Aspergillus terreus xylanase was covalently immobilized using microbial Scleroglucan gel beads, which improved the immobilization yield, efficiency, and operational stability. Over a wide pH range (6-7.5), the covalent immobilization of xylanase on scleroglucan increased xylanase activity compared to that of its free form. Additionally, the reaction temperature was increased to 65 °C. However, the immobilized enzyme demonstrated superior thermal stability, sustaining 80.22% of its original activity at 60 °C for 120 min. Additionally, the full activity of the immobilized enzyme was sustained after 12 consecutive cycles, and the activity reached 78.33% after 18 cycles. After 41 days of storage at 4 °C, the immobilized enzyme was still active at approximately 98%. The immobilized enzyme has the capability to produce xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs). Subsequently, these XOSs can be coadministered alongside carbimazole to mitigate the adverse effects of the drug on the adrenal glands. In addition to accelerating the regeneration of adrenal gland cells, XOS significantly decreases the oxidative stress caused by obesity.

Keywords: Adrenal glands; Carbimazole drug; Covalent immobilization; Immobilized xylanase; Microbial scleroglucan; Xylo-oligosaccharides.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Activation scheme and immobilization processes of Alginat/Scleroglucangel beads.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Residual plot.
Figure 3
Figure 3
3FT-IR spectra of alginate/scleroglucan (A), alginate/scleroglucan/PEI (B), alginate/scleroglucan/PEI/GA (C) and alginate/scleroglucan/PEI/GA/enzyme (D).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Operational stability of xylanase immobilized onto alginate/scleroglucan gel beads.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of the reaction pH (control is pH 6) (A), preincubation at different pH values for different time intervals (the activity of the enzyme without preincubation was considered 100% activity), on the activity of the immobilized enzyme (B), the reaction temperature (50 °C is the control) (C), the activation energy (Ea) (D), and preincubation at different temperatures for different time intervals (the activity of the enzyme without preincubation was considered 100% activity) on the activity of the immobilized enzyme (E). Lineweaver–Burk plots were used to determine the values of the Michaelis–Menten constant (km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax) for both free (F) and immobilized xylanase enzymes (G).
Figure 6
Figure 6
HPLC analysis of beech wood xylan hydrolysate.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) Photomicrographs of adrenal gland sections from the control group were normal in structure. The cortex layer consists of three zones with oval to rounded nuclei (N) and acidophilic cytoplasm (arrow). (B) A photomicrograph of a section of the adrenal gland from the saline treatment group showed that the structure was normal. The cortex layer consists of three zones with oval to rounded nuclei (N) and acidophilic cytoplasm (arrow). (C) Photomicrograph of a section of the adrenal gland of a rat treated with carbimazole showing degeneration, necrosis (arrowhead), pyknosis (P), and acidophilic cytoplasm (arrow); cytoplasmic vacuolation in the cells of the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata (V); congestion of blood vessels (star); and inflammatory cell aggregation (IF). (D) Photomicrographs of adrenal gland sections from rats treated with carbimazole and XOS showing that most of the morphological changes observed in the positive control group were improved, with acidophilic cytoplasm (arrow), slight cytoplasmic vacuolation (V), pyknosis (P), and sinusoids in the zona reticularis filled with erythrocytes in the cells of the zona glomerulosa and zonafasciculata (E).
Figure 8
Figure 8
(A) Photomicrograph of the adrenal medulla of a rat in the control group showing normal architecture of the adrenal gland. Polyhedral chromaffin cells (arrows). (B) Photomicrograph of the adrenal medulla of a rat in the saline group showing normal architecture of the adrenal gland. Polyhedral chromaffin cells (arrows). (C) Photomicrograph of the adrenal medulla of rats in the carbimazole-treated group showing loss of normal architecture (arrow), large foci of necrotic chromaffin cells (star), vascular congestion (arrowhead), and pyknotic nuclei (P). (D) A photomicrograph of the adrenal medulla of rats treated with carbimazole and XOS showing similar histopathological changes to those of the control group in addition to a few foci of necrotic chromaffin cells (star) and mild vascular congestion (arrowhead) with few pyknotic nuclei (P).
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