NMN reports personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Lilly, SBK Healthcare, and Takeda outside the submitted work; grants from Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, and Tillotts Pharma outside the submitted work; and advisory board membership for Bristol Myers Squibb outside the submitted work. SS reports consulting fees from Takeda, AbbVie, Merck, Ferring, Pharmacosmos, Warner Chilcott, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Dr Falk Pharma, Biohit, TriGenix, Celgene, and Tillots Pharma outside the submitted work; payment or honoraria from AbbVie, Takeda, Celltrion, Pfizer, Biogen, AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Merck, Warner Chilcott, and Dr Falk Pharma outside the submitted work; and is co-director of research for the South Asian IBD Alliance. MP reports personal fees from Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine and Takeda outside the submitted work; and grants from AstraZeneca, Galapagos, Gilead, Pfizer, and Eli Lilly outside the submitted work. TR reports personal fees from Abbvie, Arena, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Heptares, LabGenius, Novartis, Numab, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda, Union Chimique Belge (UCB), and Xap Therapeutics outside the submitted work; grants from AbbVie outside the submitted work; and fees from data monitoring board membership of UCB outside the submitted work. NMN and MP are supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203312). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.