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. 2024 Jul 30:12:e17817.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.17817. eCollection 2024.

Prevalence and metabolic risk factors of chronic kidney disease among a Mexican adult population: a cross-sectional study in primary healthcare medical units

Alfonso R Alvarez Paredes  1 , Anel Gómez García  2 , Martha Angélica Alvarez Paredes  3 , Nely Velázquez  4 , Diana Cindy Ojeda Bolaños  5 , Miriam Sarai Padilla Sandoval  6 , Juan M Gallardo  7 , Gerardo Muñoz Cortés  8 , Seydhel Cristina Reyes Granados  9 , Mario Felipe Rodríguez Morán  9   10 , Joaquin Tripp  10 , Arturo Lopez Pineda  10   11 , Cleto Alvarez Aguilar  1
Affiliations

Prevalence and metabolic risk factors of chronic kidney disease among a Mexican adult population: a cross-sectional study in primary healthcare medical units

Alfonso R Alvarez Paredes et al. PeerJ. .

Abstract

Introduction: The intricate relationship between obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression underscores a significant public health challenge. Obesity is strongly linked to the onset of several health conditions, including arterial hypertension (AHTN), metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia. Understanding the connection between CKD and obesity is crucial for addressing their complex interplay in public health strategies.

Objective: This research aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD in a population with high obesity rates and evaluate the associated metabolic risk factors.

Material and methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted from January 2017 to December 2019 we included 3,901 participants of both sexes aged ≥20 years who were selected from primary healthcare medical units of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in Michoacan, Mexico. We measured the participants' weight, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c, and uric acid. We estimated the glomerular filtration rate using the Collaborative Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) equation.

Results: Among the population studied, 50.6% were women and 49.4% were men, with a mean age of 49 years (range: 23-90). The prevalence of CKD was 21.9%. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD included age ≥60 years (OR = 11.70, 95% CI [9.83-15.93]), overweight (OR = 4.19, 95% CI [2.88-6.11]), obesity (OR = 13.31, 95% CI [11.12-15.93]), abdominal obesity (OR = 9.25, 95% CI [7.13-11.99]), AHTN (OR = 20.63, 95% CI [17.02-25.02]), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (OR = 2.73, 95% CI [2.31-3.23]), type 2 diabetes (T2D) (OR = 14.30, 95% CI [11.14-18.37]), total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/dL (OR = 6.04, 95% CI [5.11-7.14]), triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dL (OR = 5.63, 95% CI 4.76-6.66), HDL-c <40 mg/dL (OR = 4.458, 95% CI [3.74-5.31]), LDL-c ≥130 mg/dL (OR = 6.06, 95% CI [5.12-7.18]), and serum uric acid levels ≥6 mg/dL in women and ≥7 mg/dL in men (OR = 8.18, 95% CI [6.92-9.68]), (p < 0.0001). These factors independently contribute to the development of CKD.

Conclusions: This study underscores the intricate relationship between obesity and CKD, revealing a high prevalence of CKD. Obesity, including overweight, abdominal obesity, AHTN, IFG, T2D, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia emerged as significant metabolic risk factors for CKD. Early identification of these risk factors is crucial for effective intervention strategies. Public health policies should integrate both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to address obesity-related conditions and prevent kidney damage directly.

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Dyslipidemia; Glomerular filtration rate; Hyperuricemia; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence; Risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Author ALP holds shares of Amphora Health. Authors ALP, JT, and MFRM contributed to the research while employed by Amphora Health. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Flowchart of patient selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Classification of chronic kidney disease to indicate prognosis based on the combined measures of albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Risk assessment of BMI, age, abdominal circumference, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, HDL-c, fasting glucose and arterial hipertension.
Risk assessment of BMI (<25, 25–29.9, ≥30); age (<60, ≥60) years; Abdominal circumference (AC) (female <80, male <90, and female ≥80, male ≥90 centimeters); uric acid (UA) (female <6, male <7 and female ≥6, male ≥7 mg/dL); total cholesterol (<200 and ≥200 mg/dL); triglycerides (<150 and ≥150 mg/dL); low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (<130 and ≥130 mg/dL); high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (<40 and ≥40 mg/dL); fasting glucose (<100, 100–125 and ≥126 mg/dL), arterial hipertension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, or lower values if antihypertensive drugs were taken). Are variables were adjusted by sex.
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