Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Jul 23:15:1402065.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1402065. eCollection 2024.

Development and initial validation of the Engagement in Athletic Training Scale

Jing-Dong Liu  1 , Jun-Xia Wu  2 , Yu-Duo Zou  1 , Zhong-Hao Wang  3 , Shuge Zhang  4 , Jin-Chuan Hu  5 , Hao Liu  6
Affiliations

Development and initial validation of the Engagement in Athletic Training Scale

Jing-Dong Liu et al. Front Psychol. .

Abstract

The current study presents the development process and initial validation of the Engagement in Athletic Training Scale (EATS), which was designed to evaluate athletes' engagement in athletic training. In study 1, item generation and initial content validity of the EATS were achieved. In study 2, the factor structure of the EATS was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Internal consistency reliabilities of the subscales were examined (N = 460). In study 3, factor structure, discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, and nomological validity of the EATS were further examined in an independent sample (N = 513). Meanwhile, measurement invariance of the EATS across samples (study 2 and study 3) and genders was evaluated. Overall, results from the 3 rigorous studies provided initial psychometric evidence for the 19-item EATS and suggested that the EATS could be used as a valid and reliable measure to evaluate athletes' engagement in athletic training.

Keywords: athlete engagement; engagement in athletic training; measurement invariance; reliability; validity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

References

    1. Alarcon G. M., Lyons J. B. (2011). The relationship of engagement and job satisfaction in working samples. J. Psychol. 145, 463–480. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.584083 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alrashidi O., Phan H. P., Ngu B. H. (2016). Academic engagement: an overview of its definitions, dimensions, and major conceptualisations. Int. Educ. Stud. 9, 41–52. doi: 10.5539/ies.v9n12p41 - DOI
    1. Appleton J. J., Christenson S. L., Furlong M. J. (2008). Student engagement with school: critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct. Psychol. Sch. 45, 369–386. doi: 10.1002/pits.20303 - DOI
    1. Appleton J. J., Christenson S. L., Kim D., Reschly A. L. (2006). Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: validation of the student engagement instrument. J. Sch. Psychol. 44, 427–445. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2006.04.002 - DOI
    1. Appleton P. R., Ntoumanis N., Quested E., Viladrich C., Duda J. L. (2016). Initial validation of the coach-created empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire (EDMCQ-C). Psychol. Sport Exerc. 22, 53–65. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.008 - DOI

LinkOut - more resources