Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes: A Review

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complex metabolic disorder that burdens the health care system, requires early detection and treatment. Recent strides in digital health technologies, coupled with artificial intelligence (AI), may have the potential to revolutionize T2DM screening, diagnosis of complications, and management through the development of digital biomarkers. This review provides an overview of the potential applications of AI-driven biomarkers in the context of screening, diagnosing complications, and managing patients with T2DM. The benefits of using multisensor devices to develop digital biomarkers are discussed. The summary of these findings and patterns between model architecture and sensor type are presented. In addition, we highlight the pivotal role of AI techniques in clinical intervention and implementation, encompassing clinical decision support systems, telemedicine interventions, and population health initiatives. Challenges such as data privacy, algorithm interpretability, and regulatory considerations are also highlighted, alongside future research directions to explore the use of AI-driven digital biomarkers in T2DM screening and management.