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Multicenter Study
. 2024 Aug;47(8):e24321.
doi: 10.1002/clc.24321.

Association Between Phenotypic Age and the Risk of Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Xuhong Xu  1 , Zhiqi Xu  1
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Association Between Phenotypic Age and the Risk of Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Xuhong Xu et al. Clin Cardiol. 2024 Aug.

Abstract

Background: Chronological age (CA) is an imperfect proxy for the true biological aging state of the body. As novel measures of biological aging, Phenotypic age (PhenoAge) and Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), have been shown to identify morbidity and mortality risks in the general population.

Hypothesis: PhenoAge and PhenoAgeAccel might be associated with mortality in heart failure (HF) patients.

Methods: This cohort study extracted adult data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) databases. Weighted univariable and multivariable Cox models were performed to analyze the effect of PhenoAge and PhenoAgeAccel on all-cause mortality in HF patients, and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated.

Results: In total, 845 HF patients were identified, with 626 all-cause mortality patients. The findings suggested that (1) each 1- and 10-year increase in PhenoAge were associated with a 3% (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.03-1.04) and 41% (HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.29-1.54) increased risk of all-cause mortality, respectively; (2) when the PhenoAgeAccel < 0 as reference, the ≥ 0 group was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.49-2.45). Subgroup analyses showed that (1) older PhenoAge was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in all subgroups; (2) when the PhenoAgeAccel < 0 as a reference, PhenoAgeAccel ≥ 0 was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in all subgroups.

Conclusion: Older PhenoAge was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in HF patients. PhenoAge and PhenoAgeAccel can be used as convenient tools to facilitate the identification of at-risk individuals with HF and the evaluation of intervention efficacy.

Keywords: all‐cause mortality; heart failure; phenotypic age; phenotypic age acceleration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The screen process of the participants analyzed in our study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
RCS curve of the association between PhenoAge and the risk of mortality in patients with HF.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The Kaplan–Meier curve showing the survival probability of patients in different PhenoAgeAccel groups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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