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. 2024 Jul 25:12:1428750.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1428750. eCollection 2024.

The impact of fangxian huangjiu on the fermentation quality and microbial community dynamics of cigar wrapper leaves

Lan Yao #  1 , Tongtong Zhang #  1 , Yule Shan  1 , Jingpeng Yang  2 , Jun Yu  2 , Chunlei Yang  2 , Xiong Chen  1
Affiliations

The impact of fangxian huangjiu on the fermentation quality and microbial community dynamics of cigar wrapper leaves

Lan Yao et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Abstract

Introduction: Cigar wrapper leaves (CWLs) plays a crucial role in reflecting cigar overall quality. Originating from the Qinba region of China, Fangxian Huangjiu (FHJ) is distinctive from other varieties of Huangjiu. Methods: To investigate the effects of FHJ on enhancing the aroma and quality of CWLs, as well as the consequent alterations in microbial communities, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with Odor Active Value (OAV) analysis was utilized to evaluate the volatile aroma components of CWLs. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the total amount of aroma compounds in CWLs reached 3,086.88 ug/g, increasing of 270.50% and 166.31% compared to the unfermented and naturally fermented groups, respectively. Among them, β-ionone and 4,7,9-megastigmatrien-3-one from the FHJ fermentation group significantly influenced the sensory characteristics of CWLs. Metagenomic results demonstrated that FHJ fermentation enriched the abundance of both shared and unique microbial species in CWLs, while also increased the diversity of differential microbial species. Addition of FHJ effectively altered the microbial community structure of CWLs from a dominance of Staphylococcus to a prevalence of Staphylococcus, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. The interactions among these diverse microorganisms collectively contribute to the enhancement of the intrinsic quality of CWLs. This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality of CWLs by FHJ and exploring the changes of microbial community structure and interaction between CWLs and FHJ.

Keywords: cigar wrapper leaves; fangxian huangjiu; metagenomics; microbial community dynamics; volatile aroma components.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Principal component analysis of aroma compounds with OAV >1.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
α Indices (A) Chao1 index, (B) Shannon index, (C) Simpson index, (D) Coverage).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Upset plot of bacterial (A) and OTU levels in cigar tobacco leaves (B).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Microbial community composition of CWLs at phylum (A) and genus (B) levels.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Correlation network analysis among different microbial at genera levels.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Analysis of species contributions to KEGG (A) and the number of genes related to KEGG metabolic pathways (B).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Differential microbes in CWLs under different treatment conditions.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of dominant bacteria on CWLs surfaces and aroma compounds.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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