Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Response of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under Cadmium Stress

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of varying levels of dietary chitosan supplementation on mitigating cadmium stress and its influence on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant capacity, immune response, inflammatory response, and the expression of related genes in juvenile Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Five groups of juvenile tilapias (initial body weight 21.21 ± 0.24 g) were fed five diets with different levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of chitosan supplementation for 60 days under cadmium stress (0.2 mg/L Cd²⁺). The findings indicated that, compared with the 0% chitosan group, dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the final weight (Wf), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth index (DGI), and condition factor (CF), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) expressed the opposite trend in juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of cholinesterase (CHE), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme (LZM), while glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and complement 3 (C3) in the serum of juvenile GIFT expressed the opposite trend. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of CAT, GST, GSH-Px, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the contents of MDA in the liver of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, and Ca²⁺-ATPase and significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of CAT, GST, and MDA in the gills of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of cat, sod, gst, and gsh-px in the liver of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of interferon-γ (inf-γ) in the gills and spleen and significantly down-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of inf-γ in the liver and head kidney of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly down-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of interleukin-6 (il-6), il-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of il-10 in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) in the liver and significantly down-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of tgf-β in the head kidney and spleen of juvenile GIFT. In conclusion, dietary chitosan could mitigate the impact of cadmium stress on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant capacity, immune response, inflammatory response, and related gene expression in juvenile GIFT. According to the analysis of second-order polynomial regression, it was found that the optimal dietary chitosan levels in juvenile GIFT was approximately 1.42% to 1.45%, based on its impact on Wf, WGR, SGR, and DGI.

Keywords: gene expression; heavy metal; inflammatory response; juvenile GIFT.

Figure 1

Relationship between different dietary chitosan levels and the final weight (Wf), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and daily growth index (DGI) of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress based on second-order polynomial regression analysis.

Figure 2

Effects of dietary chitosan on ATPase activity in the gills of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).

Figure 3

Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione S-transferase (gst), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) in the liver of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).

Figure 4

Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interferon-γ (inf-γ) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).

Figure 5

Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interleukin-6 (il-6) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).

Figure 6

Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interleukin-8 (il-8) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).

Figure 7

Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interleukin-10 (il-10) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).

Figure 8

Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).

Figure 9

Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (n = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (p < 0.05).