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Review
. 2024 Jul 23;29(15):3453.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29153453.

Recent Advances on Pt-Based Compounds for Theranostic Applications

Giulia Ferrari  1 , Ines Lopez-Martinez  2   3 , Thomas Wanek  3 , Claudia Kuntner  3   4 , Diego Montagner  1   5
Affiliations
Review

Recent Advances on Pt-Based Compounds for Theranostic Applications

Giulia Ferrari et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Since the discovery of cisplatin's antitumoral activity and its approval as an anticancer drug, significant efforts have been made to enhance its physiological stability and anticancer efficacy and to reduce its side effects. With the rapid development of targeted and personalized therapies, and the promising theranostic approach, platinum drugs have found new opportunities in more sophisticated systems. Theranostic agents combine diagnostic and therapeutic moieties in one scaffold, enabling simultaneous disease monitoring, therapy delivery, response tracking, and treatment efficacy evaluation. In these systems, the platinum core serves as the therapeutic agent, while the functionalized ligand provides diagnostic tools using various imaging techniques. This review aims to highlight the significant role of platinum-based complexes in theranostic applications, and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first focused contribution on this type of platinum compounds. This review presents a brief introduction to the development of platinum chemotherapeutic drugs, their limitations, and resistance mechanisms. It then describes recent advancements in integrating platinum complexes with diagnostic agents for both tumor treatment and monitoring. The main body is organized into three categories based on imaging techniques: fluorescence, positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Finally, this review outlines promising strategies and future perspectives in this evolving field.

Keywords: cancer therapy; molecular imaging; platinum chemotherapy; theranostic; therapy monitoring.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanism of action of cisplatin (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Platinum drugs in clinical use with their respective approval years.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Structure of Pt(IV) compounds tetraplatin, iproplatin and satraplatin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Basic principles of optical fluorescence molecular imaging. Following administration of the fluorophore, the subject is illuminated with excitation light (λ1). This excites the fluorophore, causing it to emit light (λ2), which is then captured by a CCD camera within IVIS Lumina LT in vivo imaging system, processed, and converted into an image (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structures of the different fluorophore-cisplatin analogues: FDDP (1), CFDA-Pt (2), DNP-Pt (3), BODIPY-Pt (4–6), CP-11 (7).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Chemical structures of different exogeneous fluorescent probes.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structures of the different Pt(IV)-fluorescent scaffolds: Pt(IV) (FITC)2 (8), Pt(IV) FL2 (9), Pt(IV) prodrug-AIE conjugate (10).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic illustration of AuNCs-based theranostic platform. The star symbol corresponds to Pt(IV)-cisplatin based scaffold and the wavy lines to HOOC–PEG–FA compound (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Structures of (a) Pt(II)metallacycle, (b) NIR(II) molecular dye and (c) representation of the nanoplatform (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Chemical structures of BODIPY-based NIR imaging probes (11 and 12).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schematic representation of the basic principles of PET (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Chemical structures of 191Pt-CDDP (13), 195mPt-CDDP (CISSPECT®), (14), 195mPt-CP (15), 18F-FCP (16) and 13N-CDDP (17).
Figure 13
Figure 13
Chemical structure of 195mPt-biphosphonate (195mPt-BP) compound (18).
Figure 14
Figure 14
Chemical structures of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-TP (19), [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-C3-TP (20), Pt(II)salpen-111In (21) and Pt-succ-DFO-68Ga (22).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Representation of the basic principles of MRI (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 16
Figure 16
Structure of Pt (II)-based Gd-DTPA conjugate (23), Pt (II)-based Gd–DOTA conjugate (24) and Pt (II)-based Gd–DTPA complexes 25 and 26.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Structure of Motexafin-Gadolinium MGd and Pt (II)-based Motexafin-Gadolinium conjugates 27 and 28.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Structure of Pt (II)-based Texaphyrinmalonate conjugates cisTEX (29) and oxaliTEX (30).
Figure 19
Figure 19
Structure of first generation of Pt (II)-based texaphyrinmalonate conjugates 31 and 32 and second generation of Pt (IV)-based texaphyrin 33–36.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Structure of Pt (IV)-based Gd (III) conjugates as theranostic agents with Gd(III) MRI contrast agent in axial position of cisplatin 37 and carboplatin 38.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Synthetic view of the structure of Gd–DTPA/DACHPt-loaded micelles and the consequently releasing of Pt and Gd complexes from the micelles (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 22
Figure 22
Schematic procedure of Pt/Gd3+-loaded DOTA micelles (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 23
Figure 23
Schematic illustration of preparation of MnO2/HA/cDDP nanosheets (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 24
Figure 24
Schematic diagram of the preparation process and controlled drug release of PGA/CDDP@MnO2 NPs (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 25
Figure 25
Structure of conjugate CMDP–CMC–SPMNC magnetic drug carrier (created with BioRender.com).
Figure 26
Figure 26
Scheme of the preparation of magnetic Pt-FMO nanoparticles (created with BioRender.com).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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