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. 2024 Aug 10.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34637-4. Online ahead of print.

Comparative study of polyphenol extraction using physical techniques and water as a solvent: a sustainable approach for the valorization of apple pomace

Silvia Fraterrigo Garofalo  1 , Francesca Demichelis  2 , Veronica Peletti  3 , Lorenzo Picco  3 , Tonia Tommasi  2 , Debora Fino  2
Affiliations

Comparative study of polyphenol extraction using physical techniques and water as a solvent: a sustainable approach for the valorization of apple pomace

Silvia Fraterrigo Garofalo et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. .

Abstract

Apples are among the most commonly cultivated fruits globally. Approximately 65% of annual apple production is transformed into apple juice concentrate generating a large amount of waste material named apple pomace, which includes seeds, skin, and other components. Disposing of apple by-products directly into the environment constitutes a source of environmental pollution due to its high-water content and easily fermentable nature. Apple pomace is rich in polyphenols that can be utilized as active components in cosmetic, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical products. The present study aims to describe and compare different physical methods for the extraction of polyphenols from apple pomace. Water was used as the extraction solvent in thermal-stirred extraction (TSE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The best extraction conditions were identified in terms of solid to solvent ratio, temperature, power, and time through a kinetic study. The best extraction parameters were compared environmentally on a pilot scale through a life cycle assessment (LCA). All the results demonstrated the MAE is the best technique to extract polyphenol from apple pomace in terms yield and environmental impact proving that it is possible to transform waste into a sustainable source of bioactive ingredients.

Keywords: Apple pomace; Food waste; Green extraction; Microwave-assisted extraction; Polyphenols; Ultrasound-assisted extraction.

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