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Review
. 2025 Jan;135(1):31-39.
doi: 10.1111/bju.16501. Epub 2024 Aug 11.

British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) consensus document for the management of benign female urethral lesions

Magda Kujawa  1 , Suzanne Biers  2 , Mahreen Pakzad  3 , Arun Sahai  4 , Ased Ali  5 , Tina Rashid  6 , Hashim Hashim  7 , Nadir I Osman  8 , Andy Kozan  9 , Mo Belal  10 ; BAUS Section of Female, Neurological and Urodynamic Urology
Affiliations
Review

British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) consensus document for the management of benign female urethral lesions

Magda Kujawa et al. BJU Int. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Objective: To provide a consensus document for the management of benign female urethral lesions.

Methods: The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Female, Neurological and Urodynamic Urology (FNUU) Section created a consensus document to guide the management of the commonest of urethral swellings using expert consensus with a modified Delphi technique.

Results: Benign urethral lesions in females can include urethral mucosal prolapse, urethral caruncle, Skene's gland cysts and urethral diverticulum. They can present in a variety of ways including haematuria, lower urinary tract symptoms and voiding dysfunction, and can initially be overlooked or not recognised, resulting in delayed management.

Conclusion: This consensus statement led by the FNUU Section of the BAUS, in consultation with BAUS members and consultants working in units throughout the UK, aimed to create a comprehensive and pragmatic management pathway for the assessment, investigation and treatment of benign urethral lesions in females.

Keywords: Skene's gland cysts; topical oestrogen use; urethral caruncle; urethral diverticulum; urethral mucosal prolapse.

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