Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration: The Current and Future Landscape of Cytopathology

Abstract

Thyroid cytology is a rapidly evolving field that has seen significant advances in recent years. Its main goal is to accurately diagnose thyroid nodules, differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, and risk stratify nodules when a definitive diagnosis is not possible. The current landscape of thyroid cytology includes the use of fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with the use of uniform, tiered reporting systems such as the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. In recent years, molecular testing has emerged as a reliable preoperative diagnostic tool that stratifies patients into different risk categories (low, intermediate, or high) with varying probabilities of malignancy and helps guide patient treatment.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology; Fine-needle aspiration cytology; Indeterminate; Molecular testing; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid nodule.