Epidemiology, molecular prevalence and prevention on canine parvovirus in India: A review

Abstract

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and lethal virus that causes severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis in young dogs. In 1978, CPV has rapidly spread worldwide, resulting in outbreaks and high morbidity rates among dog populations. Over a decade, CPV has undergone genetic changes, leading to the emergence of different genotypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c), which have expanded its host range to include cats and tissue culture cells. This review focuses on CPV-2 outbreaks in India from 2010 to 2023, analyzing gene lengths covering 274-438 amino acids in the VP2 gene which are collected from the NCBI database to investigate CPV epidemiology and diversity. The study highlighted substantial differences in seroprevalence over the period for CPV-2 (7%), CPV-2a (45%), CPV-2b (12%), and CPV-2c (36%). Our study found significant seroprevalence differences among CPV variants, with CPV-2a being the most prevalent, underscoring the need for effective diagnostic and preventive strategies.

Keywords: CPV variants; Canine parvovirus; Haemorrhagic enteritis; immunisation failures; maternal antibodies; vaccination.

Figure 1

Graphical representation of the prevalence of CPV 2 outbreaks from 2010 to 2023

Figure 2

Percentage of strain distribution over the period of 2023

Figure 3

Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the VP2 nucleotide and amino acid sequence types obtained in this study using all the CPV variants downloaded from the NCBI database.