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. 2024 Aug 12;24(1):149.
doi: 10.1186/s12902-024-01679-1.

Lipid profile alterations and biomarker identification in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients under glycemic control

Yunying Cai  1 , Xiaojie Qi  1 , Yongqin Zheng  1 , Jie Zhang  1 , Heng Su  2
Affiliations

Lipid profile alterations and biomarker identification in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients under glycemic control

Yunying Cai et al. BMC Endocr Disord. .

Abstract

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is well-known to trigger a disruption of lipid metabolism. This study aimed to compare lipid profile changes in T1DM patients after achieving glucose control and explore the underlying mechanisms. In addition, we seek to identify novel lipid biomarkers associated with T1DM under conditions of glycemic control.

Methods: A total of 27 adults with T1DM (age: 34.3 ± 11.2 yrs) who had maintained glucose control for over a year, and 24 healthy controls (age: 35.1 + 5.56 yrs) were recruited. Clinical characteristics of all participants were analyzed and plasma samples were collected for untargeted lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry.

Results: We identified 594 lipid species from 13 major classes. Differential analysis of plasma lipid profiles revealed a general decline in lipid levels in T1DM patients with controlled glycemic levels, including a notable decrease in triglycerides (TAGs) and diglycerides (DAGs). Moreover, these T1DM patients exhibited lower levels of six phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and three phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). Random forest analysis determined DAG(14:0/20:0) and PC(18:0/20:3) to be the most prominent plasma markers of T1DM under glycemic control (AUC = 0.966).

Conclusions: The levels of all metabolites from the 13 lipid classes were changed in T1DM patients under glycemic control, with TAGs, DAGs, PCs, PEs, and FFAs demonstrating the most significant decrease. This research identified DAG(14:0/20:0) and PC(18:0/20:3) as effective plasma biomarkers in T1DM patients with controled glycemic levels.

Keywords: Biomarker; Diglyceride; Glycemic control; Lipidomic profiling; Triglyceride; Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Clinical phenotypic differences in plasma samples between type 1 diabetes (DM) patients and healthy controls (CON). LDL: Low-density lipoprotein, TAG: triglyceride, UA: uric acid, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin, FBG: fasting blood glucose, ALT: alanine aminotransferase. *** denoting statistical test with p < 0.001, ** statistical test with p < 0.01 and * statistical test with p < 0.05 according to Wilcoxon test
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Volcano plots showing the distribution of differential TAGs (A) and DAGs (B) in T1DM. The screening criteria for differential metabolites included P-value < 0.05, VIP > 1 and FOLD CHANGE > 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Volcano plots showing the distribution of differential PCs (A) and PEs (B). The screening criteria for differential metabolites included P-value of t-test < 0.05, VIP > 1 and FOLD CHANGE > 1
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Synthetic and degrading pathways of lipids
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Random forest for identifying the most important categorical components in T1DM. A: Top 20 biomarkers by random forest. B: ROC analysis of biomarkers with the greatest AUC values
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