CA125 outperforms NT-proBNP in the prediction of maximum aerobic capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and kidney dysfunction

Abstract

Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) often coexists with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exercise intolerance is a major determinant of quality of life and morbidity in both scenarios. We aimed to evaluate the associations between N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) with maximal aerobic capacity (peak VO₂) in ambulatory HFpEF and whether these associations were influenced by kidney function.

Methods: This single-centre study prospectively enrolled 133 patients with HFpEF who performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Patients were stratified across estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories (<60 ml/min/1.73 m² versus ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m²).

Results: The mean age of the sample was 73.2 ± 10.5 years and 56.4% were female. The median of peak VO₂ was 11.0 ml/kg/min (interquartile range 9.0-13.0). A total of 67 (50.4%) patients had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m². Those patients had higher levels of NT-proBNP and lower peak VO₂, without differences in CA125. In the whole sample, NT-proBNP and CA125 were inversely correlated with peak VO₂ (r = -0.43, P < .001 and r = -0.22, P = .010, respectively). After multivariate analysis, we found a differential association between NT-proBNP and peak VO₂ across eGFR strata (P for interaction = .045). In patients with an eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m², higher NT-proBNP identified patients with poorer maximal functional capacity. In individuals with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m², NT-proBNP was not significantly associated with peak VO₂ [β = 0.02 (95% confidence interval -0.19-0.23), P = .834]. Higher CA125 was linear and significantly associated with worse functional capacity without evidence of heterogeneity across eGFR strata (P for interaction = .620).

Conclusions: In patients with stable HFpEF, NT-proBNP was not associated with maximal functional capacity when CKD was present. CA125 emerged as a useful biomarker for estimating effort intolerance in HFpEF irrespective of the presence of CKD.

Keywords: CA125; HFpEF; cardiorenal syndrome; maximal aerobic capacity; natriuretic peptides.

Graphical Abstract

Figure 1:

Flow chart of the protocol used for the enrolment of patients in this study. CHF: chronic heart failure.

Figure 2:

Association between NT-proBNP levels and peak VO₂ across eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m² versus <60 ml/min/1.73 m².

Figure 3:

Association between NT-proBNP levels and peak VO₂ across eGFR ≥60, 30–<60 and <30 ml/min/1.73 m².

Figure 4:

Association between CA125 levels and peak VO₂ across eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m² versus <60 ml/min/1.73 m².

Figure 5:

Association between CA125 levels and peak VO² across eGFR ≥60, 30–<60 and <30 ml/min/1.73 m².