GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2-Is to Lower Glucose and Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular and Diabetic Kidney Disease

Abstract

The landscape of diabetes management has changed, such that the goal of pharmacotherapy extends beyond glucose-lowering to prioritize risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and diabetic kidney disease. Two newer classes of medications, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-Is), have become first line therapies for many patients with type 2 diabetes to reduce cardiovascular and renal complications of type 2 diabetes. This review article will describe the mechanism of action, evidence for cardiovascular and kidney outcomes, contraindications, adverse effects, and risk mitigation strategies for the GLP-1 RA and SGLT2-I drug classes. In addition, we will provide a practical approach for primary care clinicians to prescribe, adjust, and combine these medication classes, while considering patient preference, tolerability, comorbidities, cost, and availability.

Keywords: Cardiovascular Risk Factors; Diabetic Nephropathies; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists; Obesity; Pharmacology; Primary Health Care; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.