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Review
. 2024 Jul 31:15:1437457.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1437457. eCollection 2024.

Unlocking the potential of stimuli-responsive biomaterials for bone regeneration

Ke Yang  1   2 , Zhuoshu Wu  1   2 , Keke Zhang  3 , Michael D Weir  4 , Hockin H K Xu  4 , Lei Cheng  5 , Xiaojing Huang  1   2 , Wen Zhou  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Unlocking the potential of stimuli-responsive biomaterials for bone regeneration

Ke Yang et al. Front Pharmacol. .

Abstract

Bone defects caused by tumors, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis attract great attention. Because of outstanding biocompatibility, osteogenesis promotion, and less secondary infection incidence ratio, stimuli-responsive biomaterials are increasingly used to manage this issue. These biomaterials respond to certain stimuli, changing their mechanical properties, shape, or drug release rate accordingly. Thereafter, the activated materials exert instructive or triggering effects on cells and tissues, match the properties of the original bone tissues, establish tight connection with ambient hard tissue, and provide suitable mechanical strength. In this review, basic definitions of different categories of stimuli-responsive biomaterials are presented. Moreover, possible mechanisms, advanced studies, and pros and cons of each classification are discussed and analyzed. This review aims to provide an outlook on the future developments in stimuli-responsive biomaterials.

Keywords: bone regeneration; composites; hydrogels; implants; scaffolds; stimuli-responsive biomaterials.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor JF declared a shared parent affiliation with the author LC at the time of review.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Categories of stimuli-responsive biomaterials.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Schematics of external stimuli-responsive biomaterials for bone regeneration.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Procedure for bone regeneration using shape memory biomaterials (Reproduced with permission., Zhang et al. (2022b), Bioactive Materials).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Schematics of internal stimuli-responsive biomaterials.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
(A) CCK-8 assay of osteoblasts seeded into wells (Control) and on the surface of the chitosan membrane. *p < 0.05. (B) LSCM images of osteoblasts in wells and attached to the chitosan surface. Scale bar in LSCM images is 50 µm. (C) SEM images of the surface of chitosan membrane in 200 µm scale (left), and osteoblasts attached on the chitosan surface after 5 days culturing in 5 µm scale (right). Reproduced with permission., Chen et al. (2023), MDPI.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Unique features of ROS-responsive biomaterials under oxidative conditions.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
(A) Alkaline phosphatase activity and (B) calcium deposition of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on PCL, TA/PCL, BMP-2/PCL, and BMP-2/TA/PCL scaffolds. Error bars represent mean ± SD. Reproduced with permission., Yang et al. (2020), MDPI.
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