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. 2022 Feb 3;3(1):sgac011.
doi: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac011. eCollection 2022 Jan.

Sleep in Psychotic Disorders: Results From Nationwide SUPER Finland Study

Erik Cederlöf  1   2   3 , Minna Holm  1 , Markku Lähteenvuo  4   5 , Willehard Haaki  6 , Jarmo Hietala  6 , Katja Häkkinen  4 , Erkki Isometsä  2 , Tuomas Jukuri  7 , Risto Kajanne  4 , Olli Kampman  8   9 , Tuula Kieseppä  2 , Kaisla Lahdensuo  2 , Jouko Lönnqvist  1 , Teemu Männynsalo  10 , Jussi Niemi-Pynttäri  10 , Kimmo Suokas  8   10 , Jaana Suvisaari  1 , Jari Tiihonen  5   11   12 , Hannu Turunen  1 , Asko Wegelius  2 , Juha Veijola  7   13   14 , Aarno Palotie  4 , Tiina Paunio  1   2   3
Affiliations

Sleep in Psychotic Disorders: Results From Nationwide SUPER Finland Study

Erik Cederlöf et al. Schizophr Bull Open. .

Abstract

Objective: Characterizing sleep in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression.

Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire study is based on the SUPER study sample, which is part of the Stanley Global Neuropsychiatric Genomics Initiative. The study is a multicentre, nationwide Finnish study consisting of patients (N = 8 623) both in primary and specialized health care. The main measurements were sleep duration, difficulties initiating sleep, early morning awakenings, and fatigue. These results were compared with a nationally representative sample of the Finnish population from the Health 2000 survey (N = 7 167) with frequency and logistic regression analyses.

Results: Patients had more sleep problems compared with the general population, especially young and middle-aged patients (Difficulties initiating sleep in young patients odds ratio = 12.3, 95% CI 9.8-15.4). Long sleep duration was the most deviating property of the sleep characteristics, being particularly common among young patients with schizophrenia (odds ratio = 27.9, 95% CI 22.1-35.2, 47.4% vs 3.3% prevalence). All sleep problems were associated with worse subjective health. We also conducted a latent class analysis, resulting in a cluster relatively free of sleep problems (58% of patients), an insomnia symptom cluster (26%), and a hypersomnia symptom cluster (15%).

Conclusions: In our sample, patients with psychotic disorders have more sleep problems-especially long sleep duration but also insomnia symptoms-compared with the general population. The patients can in a latent class analysis of their sleep symptoms be divided into groups with differing sleep profiles.

Keywords: cluster analysis; hypersomnia; insomnia; sleep problems.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Prevalence of sleep problems in the diagnostic groups and controls (Health 2000). Note: SZ, Schizophrenia; SZ-A, Schizoaffective disorder; BD, Bipolar disorder; Ps-DEP, Psychotic depression; M, Men; W, Women.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
(A) Prevalence of sleep problems in the three sleep clusters and (B) the diagnostic group representation in the three clusters. Note: SZ, Schizophrenia; SZ-A, Schizoaffective disorder; BD, Bipolar disorder; Ps-DEP, Psychotic depression.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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