doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.07.017.
Epub 2024 Jul 16.
Evidence for particle acceleration approaching PeV energies in the W51 complex
Collaborators,
Affiliations
Collaborators
-
Zhen Cao 1 , F Aharonian 2 , Axikegu 3 , Y X Bai 4 , Y W Bao 5 , D Bastieri 6 , X J Bi 1 , Y J Bi 4 , W Bian 7 , A V Bukevich 8 , Q Cao 9 , W Y Cao 10 , Zhe Cao 11 , J Chang 12 , J F Chang 13 , A M Chen 7 , E S Chen 1 , H X Chen 14 , Liang Chen 15 , Lin Chen 3 , Long Chen 3 , M J Chen 4 , M L Chen 13 , Q H Chen 3 , S Chen 16 , S H Chen 1 , S Z Chen 4 , T L Chen 17 , Y Chen 5 , N Cheng 4 , Y D Cheng 1 , M Y Cui 12 , S W Cui 9 , X H Cui 18 , Y D Cui 19 , B Z Dai 16 , H L Dai 13 , Z G Dai 10 , Danzengluobu 17 , X Q Dong 1 , K K Duan 12 , J H Fan 6 , Y Z Fan 12 , J Fang 16 , J H Fang 14 , K Fang 20 , C F Feng 21 , H Feng 22 , L Feng 12 , S H Feng 4 , X T Feng 21 , Y Feng 14 , Y L Feng 17 , S Gabici 23 , B Gao 4 , C D Gao 21 , Q Gao 17 , W Gao 4 , W K Gao 1 , M M Ge 16 , L S Geng 4 , G Giacinti 7 , G H Gong 24 , Q B Gou 4 , M H Gu 13 , F L Guo 15 , X L Guo 3 , Y Q Guo 4 , Y Y Guo 12 , Y A Han 25 , M Hasan 1 , H H He 1 , H N He 12 , J Y He 12 , Y He 3 , Y K Hor 19 , B W Hou 1 , C Hou 4 , X Hou 26 , H B Hu 1 , Q Hu 27 , S C Hu 28 , D H Huang 3 , T Q Huang 4 , W J Huang 19 , X T Huang 21 , X Y Huang 12 , Y Huang 1 , X L Ji 13 , H Y Jia 3 , K Jia 21 , K Jiang 11 , X W Jiang 4 , Z J Jiang 16 , M Jin 3 , M M Kang 29 , I Karpikov 8 , D Kuleshov 8 , K Kurinov 8 , B B Li 9 , C M Li 5 , Cheng Li 11 , Cong Li 4 , D Li 1 , F Li 13 , H B Li 4 , H C Li 4 , Jian Li 10 , Jie Li 13 , K Li 4 , S D Li 30 , W L Li 21 , W L Li 7 , X R Li 4 , Xin Li 11 , Y Z Li 1 , Zhe Li 31 , Zhuo Li 32 , E W Liang 33 , Y F Liang 33 , S J Lin 19 , B Liu 10 , C Liu 34 , D Liu 21 , D B Liu 7 , H Liu 3 , H D Liu 25 , J Liu 4 , J L Liu 4 , M Y Liu 17 , R Y Liu 5 , S M Liu 3 , W Liu 4 , Y Liu 6 , Y N Liu 24 , Q Luo 19 , Y Luo 7 , H K Lv 4 , B Q Ma 32 , L L Ma 4 , X H Ma 4 , J R Mao 26 , Z Min 4 , W Mitthumsiri 35 , H J Mu 25 , Y C Nan 4 , A Neronov 23 , L J Ou 6 , P Pattarakijwanich 35 , Z Y Pei 6 , J C Qi 1 , M Y Qi 4 , B Q Qiao 4 , J J Qin 10 , A Raza 1 , D Ruffolo 35 , A Sáiz 35 , M Saeed 1 , D Semikoz 23 , L Shao 9 , O Shchegolev 36 , X D Sheng 4 , F W Shu 37 , H C Song 32 , Yu V Stenkin 36 , V Stepanov 8 , Y Su 12 , D X Sun 27 , Q N Sun 3 , X N Sun 33 , Z B Sun 38 , J Takata 39 , P H T Tam 19 , Q W Tang 37 , R Tang 7 , Z B Tang 11 , W W Tian 40 , C Wang 38 , C B Wang 3 , G W Wang 10 , H G Wang 6 , H H Wang 19 , J C Wang 26 , Kai Wang 5 , Kai Wang 39 , L P Wang 1 , L Y Wang 4 , P H Wang 3 , R Wang 21 , W Wang 19 , X G Wang 33 , X Y Wang 5 , Y Wang 3 , Y D Wang 4 , Y J Wang 4 , Z H Wang 29 , Z X Wang 16 , Zhen Wang 7 , Zheng Wang 13 , D M Wei 12 , J J Wei 12 , Y J Wei 1 , T Wen 16 , C Y Wu 4 , H R Wu 4 , Q W Wu 39 , S Wu 4 , X F Wu 12 , Y S Wu 10 , S Q Xi 4 , J Xia 27 , G M Xiang 30 , D X Xiao 9 , G Xiao 4 , Y L Xin 3 , Y Xing 15 , D R Xiong 26 , Z Xiong 1 , D L Xu 7 , R F Xu 1 , R X Xu 32 , W L Xu 29 , L Xue 21 , D H Yan 16 , J Z Yan 12 , T Yan 4 , C W Yang 29 , C Y Yang 26 , F Yang 9 , F F Yang 13 , L L Yang 19 , M J Yang 4 , R Z Yang 10 , W X Yang 6 , Y H Yao 4 , Z G Yao 4 , L Q Yin 4 , N Yin 21 , X H You 4 , Z Y You 4 , Y H Yu 10 , Q Yuan 12 , H Yue 1 , H D Zeng 12 , T X Zeng 13 , W Zeng 16 , M Zha 4 , B B Zhang 5 , F Zhang 3 , H Zhang 7 , H M Zhang 5 , H Y Zhang 4 , J L Zhang 18 , Li Zhang 16 , P F Zhang 16 , P P Zhang 27 , R Zhang 27 , S B Zhang 40 , S R Zhang 9 , S S Zhang 4 , X Zhang 5 , X P Zhang 4 , Y F Zhang 3 , Yi Zhang 41 , Yong Zhang 4 , B Zhao 3 , J Zhao 4 , L Zhao 11 , L Z Zhao 9 , S P Zhao 12 , X H Zhao 26 , F Zheng 38 , W J Zhong 5 , B Zhou 4 , H Zhou 7 , J N Zhou 15 , M Zhou 37 , P Zhou 5 , R Zhou 29 , X X Zhou 1 , X X Zhou 3 , B Y Zhu 27 , C G Zhu 21 , F R Zhu 3 , H Zhu 18 , K J Zhu 42 , Y C Zou 39 , X Zuo 4 , S Celli 43
Affiliations
- 1 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China.
- 2 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland; Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, Heidelberg 69029, Germany.
- 3 School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
- 4 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China.
- 5 School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 6 Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- 7 Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- 8 Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia.
- 9 Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
- 10 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- 11 State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- 12 Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 13 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China.
- 14 Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311121, China.
- 15 Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China.
- 16 School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
- 17 Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa 850000, China.
- 18 National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- 19 School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000 & Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China.
- 20 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: fangkun@ihep.ac.cn.
- 21 Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
- 22 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- 23 APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Paris 119 75205, France.
- 24 Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- 25 School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- 26 Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China.
- 27 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 28 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China; China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- 29 College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- 30 Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- 31 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: lizhe@ihep.ac.cn.
- 32 School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- 33 Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- 34 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: liuc@ihep.ac.cn.
- 35 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- 36 Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141700, Russia.
- 37 Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
- 38 National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- 39 School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- 40 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- 41 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 42 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China.
- 43 Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Rome 00185, Italy. Electronic address: silvia.celli@uniroma1.it.
- PMID: 39153903
- DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.07.017
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Evidence for particle acceleration approaching PeV energies in the W51 complex
LHAASO Collaboration. Electronic address: fangkun@ihep.ac.cn et al.
Sci Bull (Beijing).
.
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doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.07.017.
Epub 2024 Jul 16.
Collaborators
-
Zhen Cao 1 , F Aharonian 2 , Axikegu 3 , Y X Bai 4 , Y W Bao 5 , D Bastieri 6 , X J Bi 1 , Y J Bi 4 , W Bian 7 , A V Bukevich 8 , Q Cao 9 , W Y Cao 10 , Zhe Cao 11 , J Chang 12 , J F Chang 13 , A M Chen 7 , E S Chen 1 , H X Chen 14 , Liang Chen 15 , Lin Chen 3 , Long Chen 3 , M J Chen 4 , M L Chen 13 , Q H Chen 3 , S Chen 16 , S H Chen 1 , S Z Chen 4 , T L Chen 17 , Y Chen 5 , N Cheng 4 , Y D Cheng 1 , M Y Cui 12 , S W Cui 9 , X H Cui 18 , Y D Cui 19 , B Z Dai 16 , H L Dai 13 , Z G Dai 10 , Danzengluobu 17 , X Q Dong 1 , K K Duan 12 , J H Fan 6 , Y Z Fan 12 , J Fang 16 , J H Fang 14 , K Fang 20 , C F Feng 21 , H Feng 22 , L Feng 12 , S H Feng 4 , X T Feng 21 , Y Feng 14 , Y L Feng 17 , S Gabici 23 , B Gao 4 , C D Gao 21 , Q Gao 17 , W Gao 4 , W K Gao 1 , M M Ge 16 , L S Geng 4 , G Giacinti 7 , G H Gong 24 , Q B Gou 4 , M H Gu 13 , F L Guo 15 , X L Guo 3 , Y Q Guo 4 , Y Y Guo 12 , Y A Han 25 , M Hasan 1 , H H He 1 , H N He 12 , J Y He 12 , Y He 3 , Y K Hor 19 , B W Hou 1 , C Hou 4 , X Hou 26 , H B Hu 1 , Q Hu 27 , S C Hu 28 , D H Huang 3 , T Q Huang 4 , W J Huang 19 , X T Huang 21 , X Y Huang 12 , Y Huang 1 , X L Ji 13 , H Y Jia 3 , K Jia 21 , K Jiang 11 , X W Jiang 4 , Z J Jiang 16 , M Jin 3 , M M Kang 29 , I Karpikov 8 , D Kuleshov 8 , K Kurinov 8 , B B Li 9 , C M Li 5 , Cheng Li 11 , Cong Li 4 , D Li 1 , F Li 13 , H B Li 4 , H C Li 4 , Jian Li 10 , Jie Li 13 , K Li 4 , S D Li 30 , W L Li 21 , W L Li 7 , X R Li 4 , Xin Li 11 , Y Z Li 1 , Zhe Li 31 , Zhuo Li 32 , E W Liang 33 , Y F Liang 33 , S J Lin 19 , B Liu 10 , C Liu 34 , D Liu 21 , D B Liu 7 , H Liu 3 , H D Liu 25 , J Liu 4 , J L Liu 4 , M Y Liu 17 , R Y Liu 5 , S M Liu 3 , W Liu 4 , Y Liu 6 , Y N Liu 24 , Q Luo 19 , Y Luo 7 , H K Lv 4 , B Q Ma 32 , L L Ma 4 , X H Ma 4 , J R Mao 26 , Z Min 4 , W Mitthumsiri 35 , H J Mu 25 , Y C Nan 4 , A Neronov 23 , L J Ou 6 , P Pattarakijwanich 35 , Z Y Pei 6 , J C Qi 1 , M Y Qi 4 , B Q Qiao 4 , J J Qin 10 , A Raza 1 , D Ruffolo 35 , A Sáiz 35 , M Saeed 1 , D Semikoz 23 , L Shao 9 , O Shchegolev 36 , X D Sheng 4 , F W Shu 37 , H C Song 32 , Yu V Stenkin 36 , V Stepanov 8 , Y Su 12 , D X Sun 27 , Q N Sun 3 , X N Sun 33 , Z B Sun 38 , J Takata 39 , P H T Tam 19 , Q W Tang 37 , R Tang 7 , Z B Tang 11 , W W Tian 40 , C Wang 38 , C B Wang 3 , G W Wang 10 , H G Wang 6 , H H Wang 19 , J C Wang 26 , Kai Wang 5 , Kai Wang 39 , L P Wang 1 , L Y Wang 4 , P H Wang 3 , R Wang 21 , W Wang 19 , X G Wang 33 , X Y Wang 5 , Y Wang 3 , Y D Wang 4 , Y J Wang 4 , Z H Wang 29 , Z X Wang 16 , Zhen Wang 7 , Zheng Wang 13 , D M Wei 12 , J J Wei 12 , Y J Wei 1 , T Wen 16 , C Y Wu 4 , H R Wu 4 , Q W Wu 39 , S Wu 4 , X F Wu 12 , Y S Wu 10 , S Q Xi 4 , J Xia 27 , G M Xiang 30 , D X Xiao 9 , G Xiao 4 , Y L Xin 3 , Y Xing 15 , D R Xiong 26 , Z Xiong 1 , D L Xu 7 , R F Xu 1 , R X Xu 32 , W L Xu 29 , L Xue 21 , D H Yan 16 , J Z Yan 12 , T Yan 4 , C W Yang 29 , C Y Yang 26 , F Yang 9 , F F Yang 13 , L L Yang 19 , M J Yang 4 , R Z Yang 10 , W X Yang 6 , Y H Yao 4 , Z G Yao 4 , L Q Yin 4 , N Yin 21 , X H You 4 , Z Y You 4 , Y H Yu 10 , Q Yuan 12 , H Yue 1 , H D Zeng 12 , T X Zeng 13 , W Zeng 16 , M Zha 4 , B B Zhang 5 , F Zhang 3 , H Zhang 7 , H M Zhang 5 , H Y Zhang 4 , J L Zhang 18 , Li Zhang 16 , P F Zhang 16 , P P Zhang 27 , R Zhang 27 , S B Zhang 40 , S R Zhang 9 , S S Zhang 4 , X Zhang 5 , X P Zhang 4 , Y F Zhang 3 , Yi Zhang 41 , Yong Zhang 4 , B Zhao 3 , J Zhao 4 , L Zhao 11 , L Z Zhao 9 , S P Zhao 12 , X H Zhao 26 , F Zheng 38 , W J Zhong 5 , B Zhou 4 , H Zhou 7 , J N Zhou 15 , M Zhou 37 , P Zhou 5 , R Zhou 29 , X X Zhou 1 , X X Zhou 3 , B Y Zhu 27 , C G Zhu 21 , F R Zhu 3 , H Zhu 18 , K J Zhu 42 , Y C Zou 39 , X Zuo 4 , S Celli 43
Affiliations
- 1 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China.
- 2 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland; Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, Heidelberg 69029, Germany.
- 3 School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
- 4 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China.
- 5 School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 6 Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- 7 Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- 8 Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia.
- 9 Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
- 10 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- 11 State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- 12 Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 13 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China.
- 14 Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311121, China.
- 15 Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China.
- 16 School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
- 17 Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa 850000, China.
- 18 National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- 19 School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000 & Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China.
- 20 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: fangkun@ihep.ac.cn.
- 21 Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
- 22 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- 23 APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Paris 119 75205, France.
- 24 Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- 25 School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- 26 Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China.
- 27 University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 28 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China; China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- 29 College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
- 30 Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- 31 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: lizhe@ihep.ac.cn.
- 32 School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- 33 Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- 34 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: liuc@ihep.ac.cn.
- 35 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- 36 Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141700, Russia.
- 37 Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
- 38 National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- 39 School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
- 40 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- 41 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China.
- 42 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China.
- 43 Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Rome 00185, Italy. Electronic address: silvia.celli@uniroma1.it.
- PMID: 39153903
- DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.07.017
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Abstract
The γ-ray emission from the W51 complex is widely acknowledged to be attributed to the interaction between the cosmic rays (CRs) accelerated by the shock of supernova remnant (SNR) W51C and the dense molecular clouds in the adjacent star-forming region, W51B. However, the maximum acceleration capability of W51C for CRs remains elusive. Based on observations conducted with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), we report a significant detection of γ rays emanating from the W51 complex, with energies from 2 to 200 TeV. The LHAASO measurements, for the first time, extend the γ-ray emission from the W51 complex beyond 100 TeV and reveal a significant spectrum bending at tens of TeV. By combining the "π0-decay bump" featured data from Fermi-LAT, the broadband γ-ray spectrum of the W51 region can be well-characterized by a simple pp-collision model. The observed spectral bending feature suggests an exponential cutoff at ∼400 TeV or a power-law break at ∼200 TeV in the CR proton spectrum, most likely providing the first evidence of SNRs serving as CR accelerators approaching the PeV regime. Additionally, two young star clusters within W51B could also be theoretically viable to produce the most energetic γ rays observed by LHAASO. Our findings strongly support the presence of extreme CR accelerators within the W51 complex and provide new insights into the origin of Galactic CRs.
Keywords: Cosmic rays; SNR W51C; Star clusters; UHE -ray.
Copyright © 2024 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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