Hantavirus-induced cardiac tamponade: A diagnostic dilemma

Abstract

Herein we describe a case of a 60-year-old white male from New York City who was admitted to hospital due to worsening dyspnea. He presented with an acute onset of fever, night sweats, and progressively worsening nonproductive cough and orthopnea over the preceding week. Electrocardiogram findings revealed atrial fibrillation. Manifesting signs of hypoperfusion, a trans-esophageal echocardiography was performed, which demonstrated the presence of a cardiac tamponade. An emergency pericardiocentesis was performed, draining 750 cc of serosanguinous content. Laboratory investigations depicted an inflammatory milieu marked by lymphocytic leukocytosis, cardiac function impairment, and remarkably elevated d-dimer and brain natriuretic peptide levels. Notably, high-sensitivity troponin T remained within normal limits. Comprehensive viral panel assays, including COVID-19, Influenza A + B, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Hepatitis C, HIV, Cytomegalovirus, Coxsackie A + B, and Herpes Simplex Virus, returned negative results. Furthermore, antinuclear factor and rheumatoid factor titers were negative. Blood and fungal cultures, as well as assessments for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yielded negative findings. On further history-taking, he reported that he had occupational exposure to rat droppings and urine two weeks ago. Serological analysis demonstrated positive hantavirus IgG and IgM antibodies. Supportive management was initiated. Consequently, the patient was discharged asymptomatic, without pericardial effusion. Evaluation after two weeks revealed no recurrence of symptoms.

Keywords: Antibodies; Cardiac tamponade; Case report; Hantavirus; Pericardial effusion; Rat urine.