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. 2024 Aug 2:18:1412241.
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1412241. eCollection 2024.

Visual motion sensitivity as an indicator of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Tianlin Zhang #  1 , Haojiang Ying #  2 , Huiqun Wang  1 , Fouxi Zhao  3 , Qiying Pan  1 , Qingqing Zhan  1 , Fuyan Zhang  1 , Qinyu An  4 , Tao Liu  1   3 , Yuandong Hu  3 , Yang Zhang  2
Affiliations

Visual motion sensitivity as an indicator of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Tianlin Zhang et al. Front Neurosci. .

Abstract

Objectives: This current study is based on a set of visual motion sensitivity tests, investigating the correlation between visual motion sensitivity and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), thereby furnishing a scientific rationale for preventing and controlling DR.

Methods: This research was conducted by a combination of questionnaire collection and on-site investigation that involved 542 T2DM recruited from a community. The visual motion sensitivity determined the visual motion perception of the participants across three spatial frequencies (low, medium, and high) for both the first- and second-order contrast. The logistic regression model was adopted to investigate the relationship between visual motion sensitivity and DR prevalence. Besides, the Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the factors influencing visual motion sensitivity and restricted cubic spline (RCS) functions to assess the dose-response relationship between visual motion sensitivity and glycated hemoglobin.

Results: Among 542 subjects, there are 162 cases of DR, with a prevalence rate of 29.89%. After adjusting factors of age, gender, glycated hemoglobin, duration of diabetes, BMI, and hypertension, we found that the decline in first- and second-order high spatial frequency sensitivity increased the risk for DR [odds ratio (OR): 1.519 (1.065, 2.168), 1.249 (1.068, 1.460)]. The decline in perceptual ability of second-order low, medium, and high spatial frequency sensitivity is a risk factor for moderate to severe DR [OR: 1.556 (1.116, 2.168), 1.388 (1.066, 1.806), 1.476 (1.139, 1.912)]. The first-order and the second-order high spatial frequency sensitivity are significantly positively correlated with glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.105, p = 0.015 and r = 0.119, p = 0.005, respectively).

Conclusion: Visual motion sensitivity especially for the second-order high spatial frequency stimuli emerges as a significant predictor of DR in T2DM, offering a sensitive diagnostic tool for early detection.

Keywords: cross-sectional study; diabetic retinopathy; second-order; type 2 diabetes mellitus; visual motion sensitivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Screenshots of first- and second-order spatial frequency stimulus materials. (A) First-order spatial frequency stimulus material; (B) second-order spatial frequency stimulus material; from top to bottom are low, medium, and high spatial frequency stimuli, respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dose–response relationship and subgroup analysis. (A) Adjusts for age, gender, diabetes duration, hypertension, and BMI; (B) adjusts for age, diabetes duration, BMI, and hypertension; (C) adjusts for gender, diabetes duration, BMI, and hypertension; (D) adjusts for age, gender, BMI, and hypertension. HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
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