Physical Activity Barriers Among Adolescents in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Physical activity is critical for health promotion and the prevention of noncommunicable illnesses, especially among teenagers. However, teenagers' active participation in physical exercise may be hampered by perceived impediments to physical activity.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the external and internal barriers to physical activities among adolescents, as well as any differences in these barriers between males and females.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 600 adolescent students (aged 11-16) from a public school in Jordan. A self-administered questionnaire with 12 items assessed barriers to physical activity. Internal and external barriers were identified, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS.

Results: Male adolescents reported more perceived hurdles to physical exercise than female adolescents, with lack of time and lack of self-confidence being the most significant impediments. External impediments were more prominent than internal barriers, particularly a lack of resources. The total score for external barriers was significantly higher than that for internal barriers. "Lack of resources" was the most important external barrier (mean = 3.49), and "lack of self-confidence" was the most significant internal barrier (mean = 3.47). Male and female teenagers differed in the obstacles of "lack of self-confidence" (p = .045) and "lack of time" (p = .040). The most significant perceived hurdles included a lack of awareness of the health benefits of exercise, concerns about appearance while exercising, limited access to fitness centers, lack of exercise equipment at home, and insufficient spare time due to a packed class schedule.

Conclusion: It is critical to implement interventions that address the identified barriers to physical activity, particularly among female adolescents, such as improving opportunities for physical activity and providing social support for participation.

Keywords: Jordan; adolescents; barriers; gender differences; physical activity.