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. 2024 Dec;63(8):2911-2920.
doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03473-0. Epub 2024 Aug 21.

Associations of maternal lifestyle factors with inadequate pregnancy weight gain: findings from the baseline data of the LIMIT prospective cohort study

Dana El Masri #  1 , Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu #  2   3 , Federica Loperfido  4 , Irene Bianco  1 , Chiara Ferrara  1 , Rosa Maria Cerbo  5 , Stefano Ghirardello  5 , Maria Cristina Monti  2 , Beatrice Maccarini  1 , Francesca Sottotetti  1 , Elisa Civardi  5 , Francesca Garofoli  5 , Micol Angelini  5 , Hellas Cena #  1   6 , Rachele De Giuseppe #  1
Affiliations

Associations of maternal lifestyle factors with inadequate pregnancy weight gain: findings from the baseline data of the LIMIT prospective cohort study

Dana El Masri et al. Eur J Nutr. 2024 Dec.

Abstract

Background/objectives: Gestational Weight Gain (GWG) impacts maternal and fetal health; deviations from optimal ranges pose health risks. Maternal lifestyle before and during pregnancy strongly influences GWG. This study explores factors linked to inadequate GWG, focusing on Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence and specific food consumption.

Subjects/methods: 178 pregnant women were enrolled at Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo (Pavia) during pre-hospital care before birth meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria. Sociodemographic data, pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, MD adherence, physical activity (PA) levels, and smoking habits were retrospectively collected. Validated questionnaires adapted for the target group, assessed MD adherence and PA level. Participants were classified into adequate (AGWG) and inadequate GWG groups following IOM guidelines.

Results: Among 200 pregnant women (aged 30-36), 37.1% experienced low GWG and 24.1% excessive GWG. Our study revealed a significant association between inadequate GWG and educational level (P = 0.011); pre-pregnancy BMI (P = 0.005); MD adherence (P = 0.008), and daily average consumption of vegetables (P < 0.001). Our results also showed that a lower risk of EGWG vs. AGWG was associated with daily average consumption of vegetables (RRR = 0.279, P = 0.004), while a higher risk of EGWG vs. AGWG was associated with high daily meat product consumption (> 1.5 portions/day) (RRR = 7.83, P = 0.03).

Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of promoting lifestyle changes before and during pregnancy to tackle the increasing incidence of inadequate GWG and improve the health outcomes of both mother and child.

Keywords: Gestational weight gain; Lifestyle factors; Mediterranean diet; Physical activity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare there are no competing financial interests in the work described.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Distribution of physical activity score, Adherence to MD score, total gestational weight gain and pre-gravid BMI across Gestational Weight Gain Adequacy using LIMIT data [0.055, 0.003, and 0.024 is the p-value for physical activity, pre-gravid BMI and adherence score, respectively]
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot showing the results of the multinomial regression model using baseline data from the LIMIT prospective cohort study. Predictor’s relative risk ratio and corresponding confidence intervals for Excess and Low GWG reported considering adequate GWG
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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