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. 2025 Apr 24;9(1):BJGPO.2024.0049.
doi: 10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0049. Print 2025 Apr.

Characteristics of women on opioid substitution therapy in primary healthcare in Tshwane (South Africa): a retrospective observational study

Daniela S Goeieman  1   2 , Robert Mash  3 , Natasha R Gloeck  4   5 , Andrew Scheibe  5
Affiliations

Characteristics of women on opioid substitution therapy in primary healthcare in Tshwane (South Africa): a retrospective observational study

Daniela S Goeieman et al. BJGP Open. .

Abstract

Background: Women who use drugs face specific challenges compared with men such as higher rates of HIV infection, unsafe injecting practices, and intimate partner violence (IPV). However, this population's access to drug dependence treatment and gender-sensitive interventions remains limited, leading to unmet needs and increased vulnerability.

Aim: To investigate the characteristics of and associations with retention in care among women on opioid substitution therapy (OST) in a community-based primary care setting.

Design & setting: A descriptive observational study within the Community Orientated Substance Use Programme in Tshwane, South Africa.

Method: Data from 199 women (aged >18 years) on OST was extracted from an electronic database and paper-based files. Data were analysed descriptively, and inferential analysis looked for association of variables with retention on OST for ≥6 months.

Results: The majority of participants were unemployed, with 44.3% aged 20-29 years. During the initiation and course of OST, 39.2% of women had an intimate partner of which 37.2% reported IPV, and 19.2% were pregnant. Retention on OST was significantly associated with increasing age at initiation (P = 0.047), knowledge of HIV status (P = 0.029), an increase in the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) score (P = 0.023), and methadone dose (P<0.001). Factors such as race, employment status, health-system level, pregnancy, intimate partner using substances, IPV, route of administering opioids, and having tuberculosis and/or hepatitis C exposure did not show a significant relationship with retention on OST (P>0.05).

Conclusion: This study reveals specific vulnerabilities in women receiving OST, emphasising the need for the integration of interventions to address reproductive health, violence mitigation, infectious disease, and polydrug use into care.

Keywords: community based primary care; harm reduction; opiate substitution treatment; primary health care.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

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