Homodimerization of CB2 cannabinoid receptor triggered by a bivalent ligand enhances cellular signaling

Abstract

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exist within a landscape of interconvertible conformational states and in dynamic equilibrium between monomers and higher-order oligomers, both influenced by ligand binding. Here, we show that a homobivalent ligand formed by equal chromenopyrazole moieties as pharmacophores, connected by 14 methylene units, can modulate the dynamics of the cannabinoid CB₂ receptor (CB₂R) homodimerization by simultaneously binding both protomers of the CB₂R-CB₂R homodimer. Computational and pharmacological experiments showed that one of the ligand pharmacophores binds to the orthosteric site of one protomer, and the other pharmacophore to a membrane-oriented pocket between transmembranes 1 and 7 of the partner protomer. This results in unique pharmacological properties, including increased potency in G_i-mediated signaling and enhanced recruitment of β-arrestin. Thus, by modulating dimerization dynamics, it may be possible to fine-tune CB₂R activity, potentially leading to improved therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords: 1 (PubChem CID: 155522138); 2, 3 (PM369), 4, and 5 (doi.org/10.1002/chem.202003389); GPCR; JWH-133 (PubChem CID: 6918505); arrestin; cAMP; cannabinoid CB(2) receptor; homobivalent ligand; molecular dynamics.