Mitochondria: a new intervention target for tumor invasion and metastasis

Abstract

Mitochondria, responsible for cellular energy synthesis and signal transduction, intricately regulate diverse metabolic processes, mediating fundamental biological phenomena such as cell growth, aging, and apoptosis. Tumor invasion and metastasis, key characteristics of malignancies, significantly impact patient prognosis. Tumor cells frequently exhibit metabolic abnormalities in mitochondria, including alterations in metabolic dynamics and changes in the expression of relevant metabolic genes and associated signal transduction pathways. Recent investigations unveil further insights into mitochondrial metabolic abnormalities, revealing their active involvement in tumor cell proliferation, resistance to chemotherapy, and a crucial role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. This paper comprehensively outlines the latest research advancements in mitochondrial structure and metabolic function. Emphasis is placed on summarizing the role of mitochondrial metabolic abnormalities in tumor invasion and metastasis, including alterations in the mitochondrial genome (mutations), activation of mitochondrial-to-nuclear signaling, and dynamics within the mitochondria, all intricately linked to the processes of tumor invasion and metastasis. In conclusion, the paper discusses unresolved scientific questions in this field, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and novel perspectives for developing innovative strategies targeting tumor invasion and metastasis based on mitochondrial biology.

Keywords: Energy metabolism; Invasion and metastasis; Mitochondria; Signal transduction; Tumor.

Fig. 1

Mitochondrial structure and DNA. Size and content of mitochondrial DNA; ATP production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. (By Figdraw.)

Fig. 2

Mitochondrial cancer-related mechanisms. Mitochondrial energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics and alterations in mitochondrial structure, number, and function ultimately lead to tumor invasion and metastasis. (By Figdraw.)

Fig. 3

Prospects of mitochondrial explorations. Focusing on 4 mitochondria related to tumor invasion and metastasis for outlook to target mitochondria to control tumor apoptosis. (By Figdraw.)